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Research of vertebrate-microbiota relationship using germ-free organisms
Kubovčiak, Jan ; Kreisinger, Jakub (advisor) ; Hájková, Petra (referee)
Germ free (axenic) animals are individuals reared under specific conditions preventing their contact with surrounding microorganisms. Some of the features observed in these individuals vary from those observed in naturally colonized counterparts. These differences probably reflect the influence of presence of a complex intestinal microbial population in the intestine, which influences important physiological functions of the host body by various mechanisms. Thus, nature of these differences allows to study relationship of the host, vertebrate in this case and its microbiota, which evolved into a complicated system of interactions providing relatively stable coexistence. Germ free research of this relationship is focused on interactions between microbiota and host's immune system, metabolism, morphology of digestive tract and behavior. This thesis provides summary of research outcomes on previously mentioned topics. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Universal jurisdiction and the principle of aut dedere aut judicare
Kseničová, Anna ; Šturma, Pavel (advisor) ; Balaš, Vladimír (referee)
This thesis deals with the topic of universal jurisdiction and the aut dedere aut judicare principle. It also marginally deals with issues of immunity of the perpetrators of international crimes, in relation of them enjoying leading functions of the state. In the introductory chapter of this thesis is discussed concept of jurisdiction as a basis for understanding following content of the next chapter about universal jurisdiction itself. In the chapter about the historical development the emergence of universal jurisdiction is described, through circumstances accompanying the establishment of the Nuremberg Tribunal to internationally significant legal proceedings with Albert Eichmann. In my work I try to bring yet ambiguously defined concept of universal jurisdiction, to elucidate its content and scope of its application areas. In the second part of this thesis I focus on the principle aut dedere aut judicare i.e. obligations of states to prosecute perpetrators of international crimes, present at their territory, or else extradite them to the State, which calls for providing their prosecution. On the case before the International Court of Justice in The Hague in the matter of extradition of former Chadian president by Senegal to Belgium I demonstrate the practical implications of the aut dedere aut...
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Exosomes in viral infection and cancer
Sekavová, Alžběta ; Španielová, Hana (advisor) ; Hirsch, Ivan (referee)
Exosomes facilitate intercellular communication and transport of cellular cargo. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the cargo sorting to exosomes and the transport itself is crucial for vaccine development and diagnostic research. Exosome-mediated transfer contributes to immune response as well as progression of several diseases, including cancer and viral infections. Research on exosomes and their role in life cycles of tumorigenic viruses links already known mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis to the transport mechanisms of both cellular and viral proteins and nucleic acids. Epstein-Barr virus employs exosomes for transmission of the LMP1 oncoprotein and regulatory RNAs, whereas human immunodeficiency virus exploits cellular exosomal pathway for hijacking its membrane during budding, which helps it evade the immune system. It has been discovered that hepatitis C virus transfers its infectious virions between cells in exosomes. Exosomes containing oncoproteins and viral RNAs are also released from cells infected with other human tumorigenic viruses. However, mechanisms and implications of such events remain to be discovered. Keywords: exosome, cancer, viral infection, tumorigenic viruses, immunity, in- tercellular communication, hepatitis C virus, Epstein-Barr virus, human immuno- deficiency virus
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International Criminal Court and immunity of the head of state
Sádlová, Martina ; Šturma, Pavel (advisor) ; Balaš, Vladimír (referee)
THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT AND THE HEAD OF THE STATE IMMUNITY The thesis deals with the institute of immunities of the head of the state recognized under the international law and with its applicability before the International Criminal Court (hereinafter referred to as "ICC"). The aim of this thesis is to analyze the conflict between two international legal rules which is the obligation to prosecute and punish perpetrators of crimes under the international law, irrespective of the status of the offender, and the exclusion of heads of the state from the criminal jurisdiction because of the immunity that protects its bearer. According to the Rome Statute (hereinafter referred to as "Statute") which established the ICC its contractual party is obliged to surrender any accused person to the Court even if this person enjoys immunity. However another provision of the Statute says that the request for this surrender could be refused by the party if it broke an obligation which this party has against the state whose national is the accused person. The first chapter outlines the formation and the functioning of the Court. Subsequently, the work deals with theoretical terms such as the head of state, the individual responsibility or the immunity. It provides with the types of immunities a person could enjoy...
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Trans-species polymorphism in immune genes at wildlife animals
Těšický, Martin ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Matiašovic, Ján (referee)
Trans-species polymorphism (TSP) is described as the occurrence of identical or similar alleles in related species, excluding cases where the similarity arose by convergence. In TSP the alleles are inherited from ancestor to the descendant species. Neutral TSP is frequent in closely related newly diverged species and it gradually disappears. Considering evolution of immune system and host- pathogen interaction, balanced long-lasted TSP is much more important. Balanced TSP in immune- related genes is maintained by the mechanism of balancing selection and commonly persists for millions of years. In my thesis I map the contemporary knowledge on TSP in immune-related genes, focusing mainly on wild animals. The chief emphasis is given to evolutionary mechanisms influencing the width and age of TSP, distinguishing TSP from other TSP-like evolutionary patterns and methodical difficulties with the assignment of TSP. Presently, most articles dealing with TSP concentrate only on genotyping the Major histocompatibility loci (MHC I and MHC II), especially in the peptide binding region. Our knowledge concerning other immune genes with putative TSP is, therefore, insufficient. Most importantly, this is true for innate immunity genes. More effort should be given to comparative large-scale well-sampled studies...
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New ferritin nanoparticles for specific targeting of experimental melanoma in mice: in vitro and in vivo tests.
Rajsiglová, Lenka ; Vannucci, Luca Ernesto (advisor) ; Šírová, Milada (referee)
Cancer diseases represent second most frequent cause of death after cardiovascular diseases in Europe. Nowadays used medical treatments like chemotherapy and radiotherapy are nonspecific and cause huge side effects. Various systems to deliver therapy directly inside the tumour microenvironment and reduce side effects are under development. Protein nanoparticles seem to be very promising strategy to achieve that goal. Our group in cooperation with CNR in Rome tested nanoparticles based on heavy chain of human ferritine. These constructs, modified to expose the tumor targeting molecule, were able to be specifically internalised by B16F10 melanoma cells in vitro. They also specifically target and localise at the sites of primary melanoma and lung metastases of different size in mouse in vivo model. These nanoparticles can carry either therapeutic or diagnostic molecules. Thus they represent a suitable candidate for further studies for potential use in clinical praxis as a diagnostic and/or therapeutic agents (theranostics). Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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The Position of the Czechoslovakia Senate in the Political System in the First Republic
Kouřimský, Jan ; Pehr, Michal (advisor) ; Polášek, Martin (referee)
The goal of this thesis is to show the life and functioning of the Senate of the National Assembly of Czechoslovakia. The upper house of the Czechoslovak Parliament functioned between 1920 and 1939 after which it was officially dissolved during the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. In the concerned period, the chamber was gradually saw 444 lawmakers of seven different nationalities. The biggest number consisted of Czechs and Germans. The functioning of the Senate is analyzed from multiple angles. First the debate accompanying the establishment of a second chamber before the adoption of the new Constitution in 1920 is analyzed. Attention is also paid to the period debates and unrealized proposals for a Senate reform at the end the 1920's, linked to the proposed creation of the Economic Parliament. Also shown is the proportional representation electoral system used for elections to the Senate. The results were reflected in a large number of political parties with low electoral gains, which in turn hindered the creation of a stable political environment. The thesis considers the party, ethnic, social, intellectual and oratory activities of individual senators. The lives of some of the lawmakers who held seats in the upper chamber in the First Republic and were negatively affected by the German...
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Changes in expression of immune-related genes after induction of inflammation in birds
Pojezdná, Anežka ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Chudíčková, Milada (referee)
Inflammation is one of the most important immunological mechanisms that protect animals from diseases. In my thesis I summarized information on changes in gene expression in tissues in the course of the inflammatory immune response in birds. I tried to describe the main features of the immune response in birds and highlight the differences to other vertebrates, especially mammals. I focused mainly on the surface molecules of various types of immune cells, as well as on signalling by soluble factors called cytokines. Although in general features are the inflammatory reactions in birds and mammals similar, in my thesis I have shown that a large portion of mediators and signalling molecules work very differently in these two vertebrate groups (e. g. the TNF SF-mediated pro-inflammatory signalling) and that substantial variation many be found even between different species of birds. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Translational control in immune response.
Hlaváček, Adam ; Valášek, Leoš (advisor) ; Čáp, Michal (referee)
Immune reaction often requires a prompt modification of gene expression that in turn alters cellular physiology. There are an increasing number of articles supporting a critical role of translational control in this aspect of cellular biology. The aim of this work is to present some of cellular and molecular mechanisms that connect translational control and immune reaction in immune and somatic cells and can be possibly misused by some viruses. Perhaps not surprisingly, many immunologically relevant translational control mechanisms are similar to those acting during the stress response. Over the years it has been documented that the T cells, dendrocytes, Natural killer cells and macrophages utilize translational control for their immunological activation following stimulation. Combination of general and gene-specific translational control mechanisms enables fast changes in proteome and physiology that are characteristic for immune cell activation. The overall impact of translational control on immune response is further illustrated by the fact that it acts upon each stage of life of immune cells - from their activation, through survival, to a programmed cell death. Even in some non-immune cells the translational control plays an important role with respect to immunity, as these cells are known to have an...
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Patková, Lucie ; Šturma, Pavel (advisor) ; Faix, Martin (referee)
The thesis deals with topic of universal jurisdiction with an emphasis on British House of Lords' decisions in case of former Chilean president Augusto Pinochet from years 1998 and 1999. Universal jurisdiction enables to prosecute crimes committed abroad by persons, who at time of such commission were neither the citizens of state in question nor the permanent residents of the state. It is expression of an idea, that it is common interest of the whole international community to prosecute the most serious crimes under international law, irrespective of any link to the prosecuting state, because such crimes relate to the whole international community and not only single state. The first chapter of the thesis deals with national criminal jurisdiction, whose comprehension is necessary for further understanding of universal jurisdiction. The universal jurisdiction is the main topic in the second chapter, in which I outline a brief history of the concept, mention application of the universal jurisdiction in case with Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem, and try to find out where the importance of universal jurisdiction lies or what the main alleged disadvantages and risks are as well. My further concerns are the scope of universal jurisdiction, that is the crimes that are subjects to its application, universal...
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