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Evaluation of results using different methods of experimental measuring of blood pressure amongst students of the First Faculty of Medicine of the Charles University
Sova, Jan ; Kymplová, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Jirsa, Jan (referee)
During the projects from biophysics of freshman students of the Faculty of Medicine the pressure measurement is run by several different methods; palpation, auscultatory and digital method. Students are learning to record the measurement in a systematic way, and they are learning to compare the results of every method to each other. The measurement of systolic and diastolic pressure are dependent on each other of course, as well they are dependent on the set of biometric and other information that is well available in healthy students (sex, height, weight, physical strain etc.). The aim of the thesis is to compare the results acquired by the methods of measurement mentioned above, related to the accuracy of the scattering of the measurement and related to the anticipated standard values of healthy individuals. The basis of the thesis is going to be project and creation of the regression model for the levels of systolic/diastolic pressure measured out that is dependent on biometric data along with the testing of statistical importance of parametres through the procedure of multifactorial ANOVA for the repeated measurement. The result will aim to show both advantages and disadvantages of different methods of the pressure measurement during accordingly varying conditions of experiments. The thesis...
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Endothelin system and the role of salt in hypertension
Čejková, Soňa ; Vaněčková, Ivana (advisor) ; Soták, Matúš (referee)
Although hypertension is studied for several decades, this problem is still not solved. Moreover, its incidence increases. Most cases of secondary hypertension is associated with the kidneys, the most important organ regulating the volume and ionic composition of body fluids. If the kidneys are damaged, or intake of salt is excessive, they are unable to fulfill their role and blood pressure (BP) increases. Especially salt contributes to secondary hypertension. Excessive salt intake increases the volume of body fluids and subsequently increases BP, and secondary act on the mechanisms regulating BP, mainly the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and endotelin (ET) system. Endothelin-1 (ET 1) is the main active peptide of the ET system. ET-1 is one of the most potent vasoconstrictors. It acts through ET receptors type A and B (ETA and ETB receptors), which belong to the family of receptors coupled with G-proteins. The effects of ETA and ETB receptors differ depending on the type of cells where they are located. For example, ETB receptors in vascular smooth muscle contribute to vasoconstriction, whereas the same receptors on endothelial cells of blood vessels mediate vasodilation (stimulating the production of NO). In the kidney, ET system affects excretion of Na+and water and contribute to the regulation...
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Metabolically syndrome - threat of civilisation diseases
Březinová, Marie ; Kulhavá, Miluše (advisor) ; Podaná, Jana (referee)
The aim of the bachelor's thesis is the metabolic syndrome as a threat of civilization diseases. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and an empirical part. The theoretical part is divided into two chapters . The first chapter deals with very general civilization diseases, the causes, and the prevention of various diseases. The second chapter is devoted to comprehensive metabolic syndrome, its characteristics, etiology, occurrence, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. The empirical part, implemented quantitative research, based on a questionnaire survey of 102 randomly selected respondents, patients of internal departments and private ambulance Hospital Brandys nad Labem with the objectives to determine how patients are informed about MS who provided them the information and whether they are interested in a greater awareness of the issues. It also determines whether observance of the regime measures for the prevention of MS. The survey shows that respondents are informed about MS the most from the medical staff and the media. There was less than half of them who expressed interest in additional information about MS. From the results it is also clear that respondents fully respected preventive measures regime. For a better awareness of MS I suggest in patient care, regular group meetings of...
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Knowledge of substitutes of salt in food
Vaňková, Marie ; Váchová, Alena (advisor) ; Hanušová, Jaroslava (referee)
The diploma thesis deals with the issue of salt and possibility of its replacement in food. The chosen is topical because healthy nutrition is one of current modern trends. Table salt is an entire part of a diet of every person. As the compound of two biogenic elements - sodium and chlorine - it has unsubstitutable function in human body. However, an increased intake of sodium can be associated with health risks, especially hypertension. The World Health Organization recommends a maximum daily intake of salt 5 g. According to current statistics, nevertheless the salt intake in the Czech republic is up to three times higher. Therefore, it is appropriate to reduce the consumption of salt and attempt to its replacement without cutting down the taste of food. One of the goals of this thesis was find out possibilities of replacing the salt and what is their availability. The practical part deals with the results of survey, within these was examined the awareness of salt and the posibility of its replacement among different group of our population (students, pedagogical workers, heads of school canteens). In terms of established facts there was suggested a project called The salt is beneficial and dangerous which aids to raise awareness of students about this topic. These outputs can be put into the...
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Disease and diagnosis of cardiovascular system
Procházka, Marek ; Jelen, Karel (advisor) ; Lopot, František (referee)
Disease and diagnosis of cardiovascular system Abstract In this bachelor's thesis, we are dealing with cardiovascular diagnostic methods and the most common diseases affecting the cardiovascular system. The text briefly introduces the basic diagnostic methods of the cardiovascular system. Furthermore, we focus on the most common heart diseases and possible diagnosis using these methods. Out of these diagnostic methods, we will focus on the CVS method (Classification of cardiovascular system), which is developed by the Institute of Thermomechanics AS CR in cooperation with the Faculty of Physical Education and sport, from which we are expecting in future the prediction of hypertension. This work also serves as a theoretical basis for the future experimental part of the research. Keywords: atherosclerosis, hypertension, diagnostic methods of cardiovascular system, diseases of cardiovascular system, CVS
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Pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic kidney disease progression
Sedláková, Lenka ; Kopkan, Libor (advisor) ; Švandová, Ivana (referee)
The kidneys are an essential organ that maintains the homeostasis of body fluid and ions, it filters metabolites and plays important endocrine role. Renal function is controled by many mechanisms with a close interaction that can work independently without central control. These mechanisms are regulated by both systemic and intrarenal humoral systems and their physiological balance sustains the optimal kidney fuction. Any disturbance of this balance leads to the impairments of renal function and progression of renal injury and thus the kidney works inappropriately. The renal insufficiency and diseases remain significant problem despite modern medicine. This is results of several risk factors such as age, genetic predisposition and low birth weight, increase of civilization diseases - diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune disorders, but also bad habits such as unhealthy lifestyle, smoking etc. These factors can lead to the acute or chronic kidney diseases often without known cause. Than the question is an early diagnosis and optimal treatment to preserve kidney function and stop the progression of terminal renal damage. This thesis should show the importance of kidney function and outline problems and consequences of renal insufficiency particularly during chronic kidney disease. Keywords: Renal...
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Physiological and pathophysiological aspects of hydrogen sulfide metabolism in humans
Neminářová, Kristýna ; Kožich, Viktor (advisor) ; Tolde, Ondřej (referee)
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), known as a toxic gas for a long time, was recently shown to be an important signaling molecule. Hydrogen sulfide is produced in small concentration in organism and exhibits a physiological role in many tissues (brain, blood vessels, lungs). Hydrogen sulfide is mostly formed enzymatically from L-cysteine by two enzymes - cystathionin β-synthase (CBS, EC 4.2.1.22, L- serine hydro-lyase) occurring especially in the brain and cystathionine γ-lyase (CSE, EC 4.4.1.1, L- cystathionine cysteine-lyase) generating hydrogen sulfide mainly in the small intestine, portal vein and thoracic aorta. In vessels hydrogen sulfide acts as a vasorelaxant factor and reduces blood pressure while in the brain it is involved in neuronal transmission. In addition to these effects, hydrogen sulfide plays a role in inflammatory processes as well as in the transmission of pain. Hydrogen sulfide acts through activation of KATP channel (in blood vessels, digestive tract, and in inflammation), activation of NMDA receptors (brain), reduces molecules causing oxidative stress (lungs, brain) and affects influx of Ca2+ ions into the cells (retina). Based on these findings it is apparent that the modulations of metabolism of hydrogen sulfide may have a therapeutic potential, e.g. in vascular disease or in...
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