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Study of Nanocomposites for Electrical Insulation
Klampár, Marián ; Mentlík, Václav (oponent) ; Váry,, Michal (oponent) ; Liedermann, Karel (vedoucí práce)
The dissertation thesis submitted deals with the study of dielectric properties of epoxy nanocomposites containing nanoparticles of inorganic oxides. These nanocomposites may have a promising technologic application for electric insulations in view of their higher resistance against partial discharges; yet information about their behavior in the course of ageing is not available. If at least a partial mass replacement of the currently used epoxy insulation with nanocomposite-based insulations is due to occur, the knowledge of the changes of their dielectric properties in the course of their operation will become indispensable. Within the framework of this dissertation, ensembles of samples of epoxy resins without fillers and with Al2O3, WO3, TiO2 and SiO2 fillers in the form of nanopowders, in concentrations up to 12 wt %, have been prepared. These ensembles have been measured prior to ageing and exposed to long-time (up to 5000 hours) ageing at increased temperatures 200, 250 and 300 °C and in a few cases also at 330 and 360 °C. Samples were measured in the course of ageing roughly in a logarithmic time series after 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000 and 5000 hours. The measured quantities included complex permittivity , internal resistivity i and loss factor tan at temperatures ranging from -153 °C to +167 °C and in the frequency range 10-2 – 106 Hz. Changes in nanocomposites have been investigated using not just dielectric spectroscopy measurements, but other methods, too, namely Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experiments have proved that materials with different fillers respond to the same concentrations of various fillers in different ways. The addition of nanoparticles, without the addition of microparticles, at a relatively low concentration (max 12 wt %), was not sufficient for reaching fundamental changes in dielectric spectrum; only smaller changes of dielectric strength and shifts of relaxations and in relaxation maps have occurred. Out of more pronounced changes, increase of concentration of the SiO2 filler in the epoxy matrix brings about a decrease of electrical conductivity in the resulting nanocomposite. The TiO2 filler had a different impact. Different TiO2 concentrations make their marked appearance in the region between the relaxation and relaxation. The TiO2-filled nanocomposites do not exhibit the unambiguous dependence of electrical conductivity on nanofiller concentration. It can be concluded that the mere addition of nanoparticles, without the addition of established microparticles, does not change the dielectric spectrum substantially. Generally, a serious problem was the production of the nanocomposite with a uniform distribution of nanoparticles. The preparation of such a nanocomposite was not trivial and, in industrial applications, this issue will require a specific focus, so as to avoid the formation of undesirable aggregates. Within the framework of this research, a methodology for the production of an epoxy nanocomposite has been developed with as high as possible uniformity of nanoparticle distribution.
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The Crystallization Kinetics in Semicrystalline Nanocomposites
Fiore, Kateřina ; Kučera, Jaroslav (oponent) ; Chodák,, Ivan (oponent) ; Lesser, Alan (oponent) ; Jančář, Josef (vedoucí práce)
The crystal growth greatly affects morphology and, thus, mechanical properties of semicrystalline polymers. In this PhD work, the effect of adding high specific surface area silica nano-filler on the crystallization kinetics of linear polyethylene was investigated. In nanocomposites, high specific surface area is able to alter the chain dynamics even at very low filler loadings. It is suggested that in the vicinity of the filler surface, polymer chains exhibit retarded reptation motion due to the chain immobilization caused by either the filler-polymer interaction or by chain confinement between closely packed nanoparticles. The polarized optical microscope equipped with a hot stage was employed to measure the spherulites growth rates in the medium crystallization regime II. It was shown that even weak interaction between PE chains and silica nano-filler above glass transition temperature leads to the substantial decrease of the spherulite growth rates. The measured data are correlated with predictions based on the theoretical models and computer simulations of molecular dynamics in the crystallizing nanocomposite. The observed decrease of spherulites growth rates, G, in dependence on both the silica nano-filler content and polyethylene molecular weight is interpreted utilizing the immobilization theory, thus, reduced reptation motion.
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Wound dressing nanofibers mats fabricated from nanocomposite material
Čileková, Marta ; Pavliňák,, David (oponent) ; Abdellatif, Abdelmohsan (vedoucí práce)
New wound dressing based on nanocomposite polyvinyl alcohol/hyaluronan/ silver nanoparticles (PVA/HA/Ag-NPs) was prepared by green way. Hyaluronan was used as reducing and stabilizing agent for hyaluronan for silver nanoparticle preparation. Different parameters were investigated for preparation of Ag-NPs like concentration of silver nitrate as a source of Ag-NPs (0.01, 0.1, 0.5, 1M), concentration of HA (1, 2 %) and molecular weight of HA (50 kDA, 1,7 MDa). The nanofibers dressing sheet were fabricated by electro-spinning technique using different ratios between PVA and HA/Ag-NPs (100; 90/10; 80/20; 64/40; 50/50). The nanocomposites were evaluated by TEM, rheology, DLS, UV/Vis spectroscope, and the wound dressing nanofibers were characterized by SEM, TGA, FTIR, XRD and the mechanical properties were measured and evaluated.
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Processing and Properties of 1D and 2D Boron Nitride Nanomaterials Reinforced Glass Composites
Saggar, Richa ; Cihlář, Jaroslav (oponent) ; Tatarko, Peter (oponent) ; Dlouhý, Ivo (vedoucí práce)
Glasses and ceramics offer several unique characteristics over polymers or metals. However, they suffer from a shortcoming due to their brittle nature, falling short in terms of fracture toughness and mechanical strength. The aim of this work is to reinforce borosilicate glass matrix with reinforcements to increase the fracture toughness and strength of the glass. Boron nitride nanomaterials, i.e. nanotubes and nanosheets have been used as possible reinforcements for the borosilicate glass matrix. The tasks of the thesis are many fold which include: 1. Reinforcement of commercially derived and morphologically different (bamboo like and cylinder like) boron nitride nanotubes in borosilicate glass with the concentration of 0 wt%, 2.5 wt% and 5 wt% by ball milling process. Same process was repeated with reinforcing cleaned boron nitride nanotubes (after acid purification) into the borosilicate glass with similar concentrations. 2. Production of boron nitride nanosheets using liquid exfoliation technique to produce high quality and high aspect ratio nanosheets. These boron nitride nanosheets were reinforced in the borosilicate glass matrix with concentrations of 0 wt%, 2.5 wt% and 5 wt% by ball milling process. The samples were consolidated using spark plasma sintering. These composites were studied in details in terms of material analysis like thermo-gravimetric analysis, detailed scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy for the quality of reinforcements etc.; microstructure analysis which include the detailed study of the composite powder samples, the densities of bulk composite samples etc; mechanical properties which include fracture toughness, flexural strength, micro-hardness, Young’s modulus etc. and; tribological properties like scratch resistance and wear resistance. Cleaning process of boron nitride nanotubes lead to reduction in the Fe content (present in boron nitride nanotubes during their production as a catalyst) by ~54%. This leads to an improvement of ~30% of fracture toughness measured by chevron notch technique for 5 wt% boron nitride nanotubes reinforced borosilicate glass. It also contributed to the improvement of scratch resistance by ~26% for the 5 wt% boron nitride nanotubes reinforced borosilicate glass matrix. On the other hand, boron nitride nanosheets were successfully produced using liquid exfoliation technique with average length was ~0.5 µm and thickness of the nanosheets was between 4-30 layers. It accounted to an improvement of ~45% for both fracture toughness and flexural strength by reinforcing 5 wt% of boron nitride nanosheets. The wear rates reduced by ~3 times while the coefficient of friction was reduced by ~23% for 5 wt% boron nitride nanosheets reinforcements. Resulting improvements in fracture toughness and flexural strength in the composite materials were observed due to high interfacial bonding between the boron nitride nanomaterials and borosilicate glass matrix resulting in efficient load transfer. Several toughening and strengthening mechanisms like crack bridging, crack deflection and significant pull-out were observed in the matrix. It was also observed that the 2D reinforcement served as more promising candidate for reinforcements compared to 1D reinforcements. It was due to several geometrical advantages like high surface area, rougher surface morphology, and better hindrance in two dimensions rather than just one dimension in nanotubes.
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Frézovací nástroje z HSS ocelí s nanokompozitními povlaky
Ludvík, Radek ; Kolář, Ladislav (oponent) ; Jaroš, Aleš (vedoucí práce)
Bakalářská práce se zabývá nanokompozitními povlaky nanesenými na frézovací nástroje z rychlořezných ocelí. V práci jsou popsány základy frézování, nástroje pro frézování a jejich rozdělení a upínání. Postupně je rozebrána problematika rychlořezných ocelí (jejich rozdělení, značení, vlastností a použití, chemické složení a tepelné zpracování). Poté je popsána základní charakteristika povlakovacích metod (rozdělení povlaků do generací, příprava povrchů před povlakováním a metoda PVD a CVD). Poslední část bakalářské práce je zaměřena na vlastnosti nanokompozitních materiálů a na společnosti zabývajícími se jejich nanášením na rychlořezné oceli.
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Surface analysis of xGnP/PEI nanocomposite
Červenka, Jiří ; Klapetek, Petr (oponent) ; Čech, Vladimír (vedoucí práce)
This Diploma thesis deals with surface analysis of nanocomposite foil – polyetherimide matrix (PEI) reinforced by exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP). The PEI foil without reinforcement and separate xGnP particles were also analysed. Samples of the nanocomposite and the PEI foil were etched for various times by argon plasma. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize xGnP agglomerates dispersed over silicon wafer and pristine/etched samples of PEI foil and nanocomposite xGnP/PEI foil. Graphite nanoplatelets were identified at surface of etched nanocomposite foil. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used for surface topography imaging of separate nanoplatelets and those uncovered at the surface of etched nanocomposite. Surface roughness (root mean square, peak to peak) of etched nanocomposite increased with prolonged etching time. Atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) was used to characterize elastic anisotropy of etched nanocomposite. Nanoindentation measurements were employed to characterize the local mechanical properties of PEI and nanocomposite foils.
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Studium nanomateriálů pro jejich použití v jaderné energetice a výzkumu
Jelínek, Martin ; ČEZ,, Jiří Skalička, (oponent) ; Katovský, Karel (vedoucí práce)
Bakalářská práce poskytuje ucelený přehled vlastností jednotlivých nanomateriálů a shrnuje nejnovější poznatky o pokročilých aplikacích ve všech odvětvích jaderné energetiky od konstrukčních materiálů, přes palivo, palivové pokrytí, moderátor neutronů a chladivo až po pokročilé metody detekce ionizujícího záření a jeho přímé využití pro výrobu elektrické energie. Prostor je věnován také uplatnění v bezpečnostních prvcích a systémech jaderných elektráren. Experimentální část práce se zabývá možností použití uhlíkových nanovláken jako aditiva do chladiva jaderného reaktoru typu VVER kvůli celkovému vylepšení tepelných vlastností chladiva. Dosud málo zkoumaná problematika změny neutronové bilance vlivem interakcí s nanočásticemi byla prakticky ověřována na směsi s parafínem ve dvou různých koncentracích a srovnávána s referenčním vzorkem z čistého parafínu.
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Modification of Biodegradable Polyurethanes by Biologically Active Substances
Kupka, Vojtěch ; Khunová, Viera (oponent) ; Pekař, Miloslav (oponent) ; Vojtová, Lucy (vedoucí práce)
Presented dissertation thesis is focused on novel preparation of biodegradable polyurethanes (PUs) and their modification by biologically active cellulose nanocrystals. Literary review deals with current state of bioresorbable PUs used in tissue engineering. Examples of prepared PU elastomers, scaffolds and injectable PUs, together with biodegradation pathways to non-toxic products are summarized. The last part of the literary review is targeting on nanocellulose, which has gained much attention for the use as biomedical material due to its remarkable physical (high specific surface area, mechanical reinforcement) and biological (biocompatibility, biodegradability and low toxicity) properties. Experimental part presents characterization of biodegradable amphiphilic polyurethane films (bio-PUs) synthesized by solvent free polyaddition reaction of hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and hydrophobic poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) as macrodiols with hexamethylene diisocyanate. Prepared bio-PUs were characterized on one hand by means of different PEG/PCL ratio and on the other hand by changing the isocyanate ratio between NCO/OH groups. Abrupt enhancement of mechanical properties was observed when PEG/PCL weight ratio was equal to or less than 20/80 and was ascribed to the PCL ability to form crystalline domains. The increasing amount of PEG promoted the ability of bio-PUs to absorb water and enhance the rate of hydrolytic degradation. Whereas, reducing the ability of bio-PUs to absorb water and prolonged time of hydrolytic degradation was achieved with increasing the crosslink density by enhancing the isocyanate ratio. The last part deals with novel solvent free preparation of nanocomposite utilizing bio-PU as a matrix and cellulose nanocrystals either neat or surface grafted by PEG. Structural analysis demonstrated that the presence of rod-like nanoparticles causes the immobilization of the PU chains in matrix resulting in increased stiffness and rigidity of bio-PU/cellulose nanocomposite. By adjusting the PEG/PCL ratio, the amount of isocyanate or the presence of nanofiller, the novel bio-PU material with desirable mechanical (toughness, flexibility) and physical (swelling, degradation) properties can be obtained. Prepared solvent free bio-PUs may advantageously be used in regenerative medicine for soft tissue regeneration (e.g. as vascular grafts).
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Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of doped PVDF fibers
Smejkalová, Tereza ; Papež, Nikola (oponent) ; Sobola, Dinara (vedoucí práce)
This diploma thesis focuses on a flexible energy harvesting system based on piezoelectric polymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) with an emphasis on manipulating and optimising the properties and performance. By incorporating powders of piezo-active ceramics, the properties of piezoelectric polymer PVDF could be significantly improved and converted into useful electrical energy. PVDF was formed by electrospinning into fibres with a thickness of 1.5-0.3 µm and then studied with various analytical methods. This work offers a description of electrospinning, a preparation of samples for examination and a theoretical introduction to the analytical methods to which the samples were subjected. The morphology and distribution of the nanostructured ceramics into the PVDF polymer matrix was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive Xray spectroscopy (EDX). For the formation of phase and detailed phase composition, the samples were comprehensively characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The work also contains analysis in Raman spectroscopy, a method used to identify and compare chemical compounds. The electrical characteristics were studied by dielectric spectroscopy and the correlation with composition is provided. Individual components of doped fibres are characterised and discussed relating to their future use in sensors.
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