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The Effect of Accumulation on Distribution Grid Operation
Jestřáb, Tomáš ; Černý, Pavel (referee) ; Toman, Petr (advisor)
This diploma thesis introduces the reader to the possible types of electric energy storage technologies, their comparisons and utilization. After its introduction, it follows the description of individual technologies and principles that are currently meaningful and useful in practice. The thesis continues with the part characterizing the ways of using the accumulation in the grid. However, the main points of this thesis include the analysis of the influence of the photovoltaic installation on the specified distribution grid operation at the low voltage level and the analysis of the influence on the grid with connected accumulation. Another important objective was the model for the calculation of steady-state, which was programmed on the basis of the theory supported by the principles of production from intermittent sources and the principle of accumulation function. The outputs of the model in the form of the calculated voltage ratios at the individual supply points and current flows at the distribution transformer point were used to evaluate the analyzes mentioned above. The courses of the calculated parameters are broken down by different scenarios (according to the period, the degree of integration of production and the accumulation or the power output of the production), graphically processed and compared from the point of view of voltage fluctuations and changes in the power (or current) balance of the supply transformer.
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Effect of potassium on stable cesium uptake by Calla palustris from aqueous solution
Petrůvová, Nicola ; Komínková, Dana (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the effect of potassium on receiving of stable cesium and evaluate the appropriateness of Marsh Calla (Calla palustris) for phytoremediation. The experiment was conducted in a green-house environment where the plants were grown in an aqueous solution. The plants were exposed then to a stable isotope of cesium (133Cs) at a concentration of 1 mM CsCl. Potassium was added to the plants in the form of potassium sulphate (K2SO4), in five different concentrations (0.5 mM, 1 mM, 2 mM, 5 mM and 10 mM). Plants were exposed for 8 days. The largest average income of cesium (9,37 %) had a plant without added potassium. The root part of the plants showed a greater cesium content than the ground part. Based on the total intake of cesium from an aqueous solution, calla marsh can be estimated as a plant usable for phytoremediation.
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Thorium accumulation and study of stress responces of plants on thorium presence
Kufner, Daniel ; Soudek, Petr (advisor) ; Petrová, Šárka (referee)
The ability of the accumulation of thorium and study of the stress responses on his presence was tested on a selected cultivar of tobacco, La Burley 21. Plants were cultivated in Hoagland's hydroponic medium under artificial light. Except to the ability of accumulation and distribution of thorium in the all parts of plant was investigated the effect of selected organic and inorganic additions on accumulation. Among organic substances included citric acid, tartaric and oxalic acid in their presence was observed the increase of thorium in all parts of the plant. Were also tested products from the diamine and polyamines (putrescine, cadaverine, spermine and spermidin). These substances, also known for their antioxidant activity in plants, had an impact on reducing the accumulation of thorium, especially in the root system of plants. The most important factor influencing the accumulation of thorium was the absence of phosphate ions in a hydroponic medium, which caused the rise of the concentration of thorium about several levels in all parts of the plants. The initial decrease of pH after additions of organic acids or addition of high concentrations of thorium and the gradual increase of pH during cultivation had proved significant. It was also compared the uptake of accumulation and distribution of...
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Study of accumulation of cadmium ion by energy crops
Berkyová, Petra ; Soudek, Petr (advisor) ; Petrová, Šárka (referee)
Cadmium is heavy metal toxic for plants and animals and environmental contaminant which must be removed from natural environment. In recent years a new method phytoremediation is getting more attention. This method uses plants called hyperaccumulators for extraction of heavy metals from soils. Hyperaccumulators have, however, after accumulation of heavy metals no other use. Therefore new possibilities are discussed in last few years. Energy plants, in this thesis sorghum and malva, could be used for accumulation of heavy metals from soils and after that these plants could be used as energy source. This thesis wants to find out if sorgum and malva are able to grow in cadmium contaminated environment and if these plants will accumulate cadmium. It also compares different cultivars of sorghum in toxicity tests and compares ability of these cultivars to grow in cadmium contaminated environment and to accumulate this heavy metal. Further it focuses on affection of uptake of kadmium ions by sorhum in presence of glutathione or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.
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How do plants manage to survive on toxic spoil-mining sites? Physiological and structural properties of plants on substrates with high As and Hg contents
Kovářová, Monika ; Albrechtová, Jana (advisor) ; Soudek, Petr (referee)
The heavy metals contamination of environment represents a worldwide problem lately. Heavy metals cause harmful effects not only to plants, but also to other organisms. Throught their acumulation in plant biomass, heavy metals enter a food chain and could negatively influence the human health. The impact of heavy metals on plants and their defence mechanisms against toxicity of heavy metals have been in focus of plant physiology and ecology research for decades. Importance of this topic arises from plant role in environment, ecosystem services and in human nutrition. Investigation in proces and mechanisms of heavy metal hyperacumulation in plants offer progress in fytoremediation and genetic engineering. The experiments on agricultural crops show how heavy metals enter the food chain and how they affect the crop yield. The aim of this thesis is to summarize information about heavy metals' effects on plants. The thesis is focused on arsenic and mercury, because the Czech Republic have also problem with heavy metals contamination and these two metals occur in high concentration in the spoil banks and soils adjacent to the lignite mining areas of Sokolovsko. The spoil banks with heavy metal content have to be revegatated, thus, the topic of their effect on plants is of high importance. In the first part of the...
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Accumulation of uranium by plants cultivated under laboratory conditions
Buzek, Martin ; Soudek, Petr (advisor) ; Petrová, Šárka (referee)
The ability to accumulate uranium was tested on 20 different cultivars and GMOs of Nicotiana spp. grown in Hoagland's hydroponic medium indoors. Apart from the accumulation and translocation of uranium in plants, the effects of genetic modifications and adaptations of hydroponic medium on the ability of plants to accumulate uranium were tested. N. glauca, N. tabacum cv. M 51 and GMO M 51 Pro seemed to be the best plants for accumulation of uranium. Concentrations of uranium in these plants grown in medium with 0,5 mM of uranium were as high as 31.28 mg/g dry weight in roots and 0.21 mg/g in upper parts. N. tabacum cv. La Burley 21 and GMOs TRI2 - T1 and TRI2 - T2 were tested for accumulation and translocation of uranium. Highest concentration was 72.49 mg/g in roots, 4 mg/g in stems and 1.1 mg/g in highest leaves for plants cultivated in medium with 1 mM of uranium. Absence of phosphate in the hydroponic medium resulted in increased accumulation of uranium.
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Effect of tapeworm (Hymenolepis diminuta) on bioaccumulation of zinc in the host (Rattus norvegicus)
Sloup, Vladislav ; Jankovská, Ivana (advisor)
This research investigates the ability of rat tapeworm (Hymenolepis diminuta) to accumulate zinc in tissue and the influence of its intake and excretion by its host (laboratory rat). The host was fed by food with zinc in two forms: 1) a mixture of standard food ST1 with hyperaccumulator plant Arabidopsis halleri, 2) ST1 mixture with zinc lactate, which is ordinarily used as a feed supplement for increasing zinc content and it is often included in human diet supplements. Rat control group fed by ST1 only was included in the experiment for verification of the difference. Rats were divided to six groups (OO, OT, RT, RO, MO a MT). Three rat groups were infected by rat tapeworm (OT, RT, MT) and three rat groups were not infected (OO, RO, MO). The control groups OO and OT were fed by ST1 only. RO and RT groups were fed by ST1 with admixture of Arabidopsis halleri and groups MO and MT were fed by ST1 with zinc lactate. Urine and excrements of the rats were collected twice a week during the experiment and their amounts were measured every day. The rats were weighted every week. At the end of the balance phase of the experiment rats were euthanized and seven selected tissues were removed (liver, kidney, spleen, small intestine, testis, muscle and bone). Rat tapeworm was removed from the infected rats. Blood was drawn from the rats. The results show that rat groups infected by the rat tapeworm had lower concentration of zinc in almost all analyzed tissues except for spleen, where the concentration of zinc was the same as in groups without the rat tapeworm. Based on the results the rat tapeworm also has an influence on the excretion of feces and urine.
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Impact of nitrogen on accumulation of Cs by Calla palustris
Benediktová, Eva ; Komínková, Dana (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
This work deals with the evaluation of Calla palustris utilization for phytoremediation and clarifying how nitrogen influences the uptake of cesium from aqueous solution. The plants were subjected to nitrogen exposure, which consisted of five different concentrations of NH4+ and NO3- and 0.5 mM CsCl, for eight days. The greatest amount of cesium (13.5%) accumulated the plants without the addition of nitrogen, the smallest amount accumulated plants with concentrations of 6: 3 (3.9%), 8: 4 (3.6%) and 10: 5 NH4NO3: NH4Cl (3.5%). Calla has proved to be suitable for phytoremediation, however with the need for longer exposure. Besides these main hypotheses it has been moreover shown that the state of plants affected the uptake of cesium and that nitrogen influenced the condition of the plant. Further it has not been observed noticeable difference in uptake of cesium in roots and stems with leaves.
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Impact of potassium on accumulation of Cs by Calla palustris
Poláková, Monika ; Komínková, Dana (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
Environmental contamination with radionuclides is a growing problem in the world. Phytoremediation seems to be a suitable method for the removal of radionuclides from the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of potassium on accumulation of stable isotope 133Cs and evaluate the suitability of plant species Calla palustris for phytoremediation. Plants were grown in a water solution in a greenhouse and after one week of pre-cultivation were exposed to stable isotope 133Cs (0,5 mM CsCl). Potassium was added in five various concentrations in the form of K2SO4. The level of cesium in plants was measured after 8 days of exposition. Plants without added potassium absorbed the most cesium (11,52 %). Plants with the highest concentration of added K2SO4 10 mM (3,45 %), 5 mM (3,62 %), 2 mM (5,57 %) absorbed the least. Higher 133Cs accumulation was measured in the plant roots than in the above- ground plant parts. Total uptake of cesium by Calla palustris suggests the possibility to use Calla palustris for phytoremediation.
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