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Advanced nuclear reactors’ promising fuels
Kadlec, Miroslav ; Varmuža, Jan (referee) ; Katovský, Karel (advisor)
This bachelor thesis focuses on the development of nuclear reactors and the fuel burned them. Thesis describes the various types of nuclear fuel, including the ways they are treated either before or after use in a nuclear power plant. Also included is a description of the situation of nuclear power plants in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. In conclusion focuses on the state of some upcoming projects of the future.
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Benchmarks and test facilities of VVER reactors
Šimek, Ondřej ; Foral, Štěpán (referee) ; Vojáčková, Jitka (advisor)
The aim of this bachelor’s thesis is to describe the topic of benchmarks and test facilities for pressurized water reactors of the eastern concept VVER type. The theoretical part introduces the VVER type reactors, their history, the development of separate generations, including fundamental differences and parameters of the VVER type reactors being used so far. Next two chapters of the theoretical part focus on nuclear safety and security, describing the uppermost Czech authorities, which are SÚJB, MAAE and NEA. Furthermore, many terms concerning nuclear safety are explained in these two chapters. The next chapter is focused on deterministic safety analyzes, their classification, methods and purposes. The aim of this part is also to explain the verification and validation of computing codes. The next chapter offers insight into test facilities which are crucial for evaluation and testing of nuclear devices and computing codes. The last chapter of the theoretical part focuses on the VVER type reactor benchmarks. The practical part of this thesis presents the conversion of a single AER Benchmark FCM_001 using neutron physical code PARCS. The results are compared to the results of CRONOS computing code.
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An extraordinary event of dangerous substances leakage and informing public about the danger
BURŠÍKOVÁ, Jana
At he beginning of my thesis some basic notions are explained and there is a brief survey and conditions of the creation of legislation regulating the discussed problems, i.e. emergency laws, laws regarding dangerous substances handling and Nuclear Act above all. In the second part I analyze the readiness of state and community bodies for non-military critical situations (emergency legislation, documents of emergency planning) and for the solution of extraordinary events, I emphasize the task and activities of the integrated emergency system. In the following text I focus in detail on the legislation related to the way of securing and handling dangerous substances and radioactive substances. These are the following acts above all: Act on the Prevention of Serious Accidents (duties of operators handling dangerous substances, participation of public and its informing, state administration), Act on Chemical Substances and Chemical Agents (classification, testing and registration, marking and packaging of chemical substances and agents, transport of dangerous substances), Act on Waste and problems of nuclear energy and ionizing radiation are regulated by the Nuclear Act (nuclear safety and readiness for accidents, measures in the zone of emergency planning). This legislation is completed and detailed by some orders and regulations. The practical part is focused mainly on realizing the level of public knowledge and public awareness, mostly in the surroundings of institutions handling dangerous substances, about the risks connected with the operation of these institutions and about the suitable behaviour of inhabitants in case of an emergency connected with dangerous substances leakage. In the introduction of the practical part I state the characteristics of the survey as a whole, I define the basic file of respondents (from the point of view of identification marks), I describe methods used. In the next part I briefly state the examined regions from the point of view of the occurance of emergencies of dangerous substances leakage. I used the form of a questionnaire for handling this. The questionnaire was focused on questions about real knowledge (toxic effects of some substances, marking dangerous substances, emergency numbers knowledge, axioms of the behaviour of public in case of en emergency of dangerous substances leakage, nuclear problems). In an enclosure to the questionnaire I ask about the interest of the respondents in these problems and their preferences as for a suitable way to be informed about the risks connected with the operation of these institutions. The results of the survey are detailed in the chapter with this title. At the end of my thesis I state some recommended forms how to improve the know-how of public in emergency of dangerous substances leakage. The end of my thesis and the discussion focus on results summary and comparison of the results of my thesis with the results of other authors.
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Detection of Ionizing Radiation in Radiological Controlled Area of Nuclear Power Plant Temelín.
DOUDOVÁ, Vendula
The power plant Temelin is equipped with the modern system of radiation control. The system meets high technical standard. It ensures the control of all parameters according requirements of our legislative and government authority. The system provides the control in such dimension to have necessary information about irradiation of workers and the population in neighbourhood, outlets to environment, and about the situation in the some selected technological circuits and systems. It is necessary to monitor the integrity of barriers in every mode of power plant Temelin including emergency and post-emergency conditions. The working environment in contained area of the power plant Temelin is monitored with stationary monitoring system and with the mobile instruments according the approved operational manual. The workplace monitoring is realized with surveillance, measurement, evaluation and recording parameters of ionizing radiation field and the occurrence of radionuclides in working area, especially the dose equivalent on the working area and the volume activities in the environment and the surface activities.
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Sorption of radionuclid 85Sr to soils from area nuclear power plant Temelín
Reidingerová, Markéta ; Nesměrák, Karel (advisor) ; Rychlovský, Petr (referee)
This thesis is focused on the study of sorption of radionuclide 85 Sr in soil collected in the area of a nuclear power plant Temelín. A single-batch method experiment was used when a solution of radionuclide 85 Sr of known activity was added to the soil. The experiments focussed on the influence of pH with the size of the sorption and the influence of the time of the contact of the solution with the sorption. During the experiment with the value of pH closest to the pH of underground water from the nuclear power plant Temelín, the sorption of soil was somewhere between 31 to 44 %. When the time influence on the sorption was examined, radionuclide 85 Sr was sorbed very quickly. For the comparison of the sorption size in connection with the time, for which it was chosen 120 minutes, the sorption was almost constant, reaching 40 to 48 %. Key words Radioactivity, radionuclide 85 Sr, sorption, nuclear power plant Temelín
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Timelessness
Svoboda, Jonáš ; Turek, Filip (referee) ; Cenek, Filip (advisor)
Calm film tries to be a kind of portrait of a young free life in the city. Freedom, upachtěnosti. It's a portrait of notes from phone, lemonade flavored with emptiness. Humbly evaporate. Passionate amateurism, because the toilet are not alone, there is with thee Wittgenstein. The fact that we saw a squirrel as a mouse eats. The fact that when we go to town, so we are pretty huge. The fact that it all actually means something. "Vynuděnej klidňák" Lord hate emotions and Jagr afloat bet. The fact that I have one whole night inhaled Pizza Hawaii, which became Pizza Pearl Harbour because I fell asleep. The fact that it is good then the rest of charcoal dance. About how he met at kávomatu dudes, gunk and artificial intelligence to agreed that hate and love must prevail over truth and falsehood. Instead, after a quill on the bottom of the crucible DNA they found God. Then came the doorman and said that the school is non-smoking. And then there is the moment when we lack love, peace, and we have a long time we were visiting. The fact that we were in rehab and has since everyone involved. The fact that Tomas přidělal the old wheel chair and wrote on it "ZEUS". Contemplation of revolting tag Elektro Planeo on the wall. Because staring contest with the camera is a job like any other. The fact that my vegetables says I'm outside because he hates anyone who is interesting. A tag is an interesting question - "is not a vegetable shit?" Humor in the joy of grief. Because I have sympathy with the man who has read this. Something is simply in a poem trapped and can not get out. The method of the Hitler-Stalin-Picasso, the smell and pain, emptiness and dullness, sabotage and nervousness, contactless man, colorful variety of residues of superpowers in said "yes" and the superhero resistant to alcohol. Nuclear metaphysics in a world where the Lord God far and high. In the role of a collector's Bizarre man playing Lord dimes with the task to deliver power to the last ten-kávomatu fate. The Old Man and the wine, which put on a fag and he will tell you that genius is hiding at the bottom, vigilance and misunderstanding diletující memory and increasingly sadder smile. Nasty weather and the feeling that "next door is fucking nations" - (Paul Ondračka - The celebration of music and poetry). Method free stream of consciousness portrayed as a method of glaciers. The fact that the last time I lost my laptop when I tried if underwater works wifi. Dementia and escape from evil - as far as possible. Trying to focus, at least for a while. Since I was working basically a documentary (- the film's treatment of captured video archives), the choice of media video-essays, hence the film entirely clear. The illustrated try to look out of their personal, participant of view, but also with a "judgmental - documentary apart." I inspiration for creating Calm sought mainly in the work of Werner Herzog, Karel Vachek and their relation to the relativity of truth and nature. Compared with its previous results, which were more experimental in nature evaluate his work as a targeted and focused. The aim of the work is a portrait of the place, time and people. He has absolutely no practical benefit, except perhaps enrich the viewer's soul and portrait modes.
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Czech atomic law
Křížek, Tomáš ; Drobník, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Damohorský, Milan (referee)
The Czech Nuclear law The Nuclear law is an importnat part of the Environmental law. The Nuclear law regulates the peaceful use of nuclear energy and of inonizing radiation, which are the activities potentially dangerous for the environment. This area is a component of a special part of the Environmental law. The ionizing radiation is classified as a particular source of hazard to the environment. This diploma thesis deals with the Czech Nuclear law, and that by means of characterization of a valid legal regulations in the context of international and European law and by means of an analysis of the questions of building and operation of nuclear power stations in Czech republic. The main source of the Czech legal regulation is the Act No. 18/1997 Coll., on peaceful use of nuclear energy and ionizing radiation (Nuclear law) and changes and amendments of some laws. The Nuclear law is a high-quality legal regulation of the peaceful use of nuclear energy and ionizing radiation, which respects the requirements of the international and European law, comparable with the legal regulations of other advanced countries. After a short presentation of the history of development of nuclear energy and ionizing radiation use, the first part of this thesis oulines both the international and European legal regulations of this...
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Comparison of knowledge from nuclear physics for protection of inhabitants at laical and expert community
BARTOŇOVÁ, Miroslava
The primary objective of this thesis was to achieve comparison of knowledge of nuclear physics for population protection between general and professional public. This idea is based on the assumption of the possible existence of extraordinary events with occurring ionizing radiation and for this reason it is necessary to train specialists for the eventuality of these cases. These professionals should have wider knowledge of nuclear physics than general lay population. This issue has not been examined with lay and professional public yet, as well as there has been no comparison of the two listed groups. Another objective of this thesis was to structure the basics of nuclear physics for workers in civil protection training. For this purpose, the author of this work created a model of nuclear physics, reflecting the basic knowledge of nuclear physics, based on the analysis of the curricula for the IRS. The author explored the forms of studies of university program for the public protection, of members of the Fire and Rescue Service, of university study program for paramedics, of staff of the Anti-organised crime department of Police of the Czech Republic and of the Customs Administration. The analysis showed the widest expected range of knowledge at the technicians of the Chemical Service of the Fire Rescue Service of the Czech republic (the chemist), who are professionally trained in the handling of hazardous substances and ionizing radiation sources. These members have become the monitored representatives for the professional community in the survey of this thesis. Lay general public was represented by people from the social circle of the author of this work, i.e. they were an unrepresentative sample of the general public. The theory of physics curricular process was also used, the application of which served to create an alternative test from nuclear physics, which was presented to the respondents. The questionnaires were filled in by 52 technicians of the Chemical Service of the Fire Rescue Service of the Czech republic from different parts of the country and by 50 people of the lay public. It should be noted that the questionnaire was created considering the training of the technicians of the Chemical Service, in which nuclear physics has only a supporting role. One of the objectives of the thesis also included the subsequent statistical evaluation of the applied tests of the knowledge of nuclear physics. For validating mainly the non-parametric and parametric hypotheses tests were used. For the theoretical division of knowledge among professionals the existence of the Poisson distribution (the distribution of "rare" cases) was assumed and the theoretical division of investigating the general public should be close to a normal distribution. Also the difference between the knowledge of laymen and experts was investigated. To meet the defined objectives of this work three hypotheses were set, for their verification the methods of descriptive and mathematical statistics were used. Hypotheses were set as follows: H1. Theoretical distribution of knowledge among the general public will be close to normal distribution. H2. Theoretical distribution of knowledge among professionals will not have a normal distribution. H3. Comparison of knowledge in both groups by using the parametric tests will lead to the adoption of alternative hypothesis. All three defined hypotheses were verified via statistical survey and accepted positively. The test, however, does not show the ability or inability of the tested experts to carry out practical tasks associated with their profession. This thesis only aimed to discover theoretical knowledge of nuclear physics, which is based on the theoretical assumption that specialists dealing with adverse events with occurring ionizing radiation pass through a variety of specialized courses that include introduction to the theory of nuclear physics.
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Vztahy mezi úrovní ploidie, velikostí genomu a velikostí buňky v sérii modelů ryb ploidní úrovně od 2n do 14n
BYTYUTSKYY, Dmytro
The ploidy level of diploid and induced triploid tench, Tinca tinca, was verified using flow cytometry to determine relative DNA content of 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-stained erythrocyte nuclei. The C-value (haploid nuclear DNA content; pgDNA.nucleus-1) of these same individuals was determined by means of Feulgen image analysis densitometry, in comparison to the chicken standard (Gallus gallus domesticus; 1.25 pgDNA.nucleus-1, P < 0.05), using three different approaches. Highly similar mean C-values were obtained, thus confirming the possibility of using tench blood as standard in European pond aquaculture for ploidy and DNA content determination in fishes. Feulgen image analysis densitometry (FIAD), flow cytometry (FC) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to study the relationship between the DNA content (pgDNA.nucleus-1), nuclear area (?m2), nuclear volume (?m3) and 3-D structure of erythrocyte nuclei in a series of fish ploidy level models: diploid tench (Tinca tinca) (2n), Cuban gar (Atractosteus tristoechus) (2n), triploid tench (3n), evolutionary tetraploid sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) and stellate sturgeons (A. stellatus) (4n), evolutionary octaploid Siberian sturgeon (A. baerii) and Russian sturgeon (A. gueldenstaedtii) (8n), spontaneous triploid Siberian and Russian sturgeons exhibiting dodecaploidy (12n), evolutionary 12n shortnose sturgeon (A. brevirostrum), and experimentally obtained sturgeon hybrids that were tetraploid, hexaploid (6n), heptaploid (7n), octaploid (8n), decaploid (10n), dodecaploid (12n) and/or tetradecaploid (14n). Standards used for FIA were blood smears of chicken (2.5 pgDNA.nucleus-1), diploid and induced triploid tench (2.04 and 3.1 pgDNA.nucleus-1, respectively). All ploidy levels were first verified by means of FC. Increase in ploidy was accompanied by growth of the nucleus and an increase in the number of flattened ellipsoid nuclei with increased transverse diameter. The volume (Vvoxel) of erythrocyte nuclei, as the sum of voxels calculated from live cells, seems more accurate than volume (Vaxis) calculated from measuring the major and minor axis, especially at higher and odd ploidy levels. Data of absolute and relative DNA content were in agreement with previously published reports. Species of the same ploidy level, however differing in their DNA content, exhibited a similar mean erythrocyte nuclear area, as could be demonstrated on A. ruthenusand and A. stellatus (19.27 and 19.79 ?m2 with a respective mean DNA content of 3.72 and 4.68 pgDNA.nucleus-1) and volume as could be demonstrated on a A. ruthenus and hybrid of A. ruthenus and H. huso(48.3 and 48.9 ?m3 with a respective mean DNA content of 3.74 and 3.10 pg DNA.nucleus-1). Similar relationship was found for the ploidy 6n, 8n, 10n, 12n. The 0.46-1.58 pgDNA increments in DNA content of erythrocytes thus had no effect on their nuclear area/volume. With increasing ploidy level, the DNA concent ration (pgDNA per 1 ?m3 of erythrocyte nuclear volume) as well as surface-to-volume ratio was found not to increase linearly. Nuclear DNA content appeared to be more condensed with an increase of the ploidy level. Observed results deduce properties of whole cell and particularly of the nuclei in series of ploidy levels fishes, adding conformations of nucleotypic hypothesis in context of cell/nuclear size and genome size relationships, as well as taxonomic position of sturgeons.
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