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Integrace ekologických a morfologických studií: Mikrodistribuce druhů .i.Protaphorura./i. (Collembola: Onychiurinae) okolo kmene buku
Rusek, Josef
The micro-distribution of soil mesofauna was studied around a beech stem in a .i.Luzuleto-Fagetum./i. forest in the Voděradské Bučiny National Nature Reserve, ca 30 km east of Prague, Central Bohemia. The soil type was a cambisol on granite. Fifty soil samples (10 cm.sup.2./sup. surface area and 5 cm deep) were taken in five parallel rows at different distances below and above the stem on a gentle SW slope. Soil arthropods were extracted from each sample in a high-gradient extractor. Soil pH and bulk density were determined for each sample after animal extraction. Three .i.Protaphorura./i.-species were recorded in the samples: .i.P. armata, P. pseudovanderdrifti, Protaphorura./i. sp. nov. The eudominant .i.P. armata./i. reached highest density in samples 50 to 100 cm below and above the beech stem where .i.Protaphorura./i. sp. nov. was present only in a low frequency and at most by a single (exceptionally two) specimen per sample.
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Nová klasifikace životních forem Collembola a Protura
Rusek, Josef
A new classification of Collembola and Protura life forms is proposed. Each eco-morphological life form group is morphologically and ecologically characterized, allowing Collembola to be classified into two main groups: A - atmobionts, and B - edaphobionts. Group A comprises four subgroups: a) macrophytobionts, b) microphytobionts, c) xylobionts, and d) neustons. Group B is divided into three subgroups: a) epigeonts, b) hemiedaphobionts, and c) euedaphobionts. Hemiedaphobionts comprise two subclasses according to their size and occurrence in the soil profile. Euedaphobionts are divided into three classes (large, medium, small) and six subclasses according to presence or reduction of the furca (with furca versus furca missing or reduced). Protura belong to the medium and small size subclasses of euedaphobionts. Former life form systems of Collembola are discussed. The proposed system facilitates the use of Collembola in a more comprehensive way for ecological studies.
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Společenstva žížal ve středoevropských bukových lesích
Pižl, Václav
The aim of the study was to summarize data about earthworms inhabiting beech forests in the Czech Republic and to compare faunas of different beech forest types. Forty-five beech forests located across the country were sampled for earthworms during 1994-2004. In total, 30 species and subspecies of earthworms were identified, among which .i.Dendrobaena octaedra, D. vejdovskyi, D. illyrica, Dendrodrillus rubidus, Lumbricus rubellus, Octolasion lacteum./i. were most frequently recorded. Moder soils of acidophilous forests contained only 3.2-48 animals per square meter out of 1-6 epigeic species, however, mull soils of neutrophilous herb-rich forests possessed rich earthworm communities (8-14 species, 65-211 ind.m.sup.-2./sup.) composed of the representatives of both epigeic, endogeic and anecic earthworms. Soil pH was suggested as the main factor determining the inter-site differences in earthworm density.
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Atraktivita listového opadu pro půdní Collembola v experimentu v dekompozičních síťkách
Jínová, Kristýna ; Rusek, Josef
Collembola play an important role in the decomposition of dead organic matter and in soil microstructure formation. Some Collembola have highly specialised feeding habits. A litterbag experiment was established on the Kleť Mt. (Blanský Les Protected Landscape Area, Czech Republic). Litterbags (100 cm.sup.2./sup.) filled with beech and oak litter were exposed in beech and spruce forests in November 2002. Four forest/liter combinations were exposed - beech-beech, beech-oak, spruce-beech, spruce-oak. Soil samples (10x10x6 cm) for Collembola community structure analysis were taken from each locality. This contribution shows data from the first year of the three-year litterbag experiment. Thirty Collembola species, were established in soil samples from the beech forest, 53 % of them occurred in litterbags with beech litter and 57 % in litterbags with oak litter.
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Dominantní hlístice (Nematoda) v prvních patnácti letech primární sukcese na výsypkových jílech
Háněl, Ladislav
Soil nematodes were studied at 13 sites in the colliery spoil heap Pastvina formed of tertiary clays and left to spontaneous succession in the Sokolov coal mining district,Czech Republic. The one-year-old site had a very low abundance of nematodes (1,1-2,7 ind.cm.sup.-2./sup.), in the 5-year-old site nematode populations increased considerably (51,3-137,4 ind.cm.sup.-2./sup.) and in older sites they varied (7,9-1023,0 ind.cm.sup.-2./sup.) without detectable relationships with the age of the site. On the other hand, the diversity of nematode assemblages increased with the age of the site and developing plant cover. Bacterivorous and fungivorous nematodes occurred at all sites, having a eudominant position in many assemblages. The distribution of omnivores was variable as some species dominated in the 5-year-old site (.i.Eudorylaimus bombilectus./i.) whereas other (.i.Aporcelaimellus obtusicaudatus./i.) appeared and became eudominant in 14-15-year-old sites.
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Změny v zastoupení trofických skupin hlístic (Nematoda) na přirozeném úhoru a v půdách osetých regionálními a komerčními travními směskami
Háněl, Ladislav
Secondary succession started from a cultivated field soil with relatively low abundance of nematodes (five-year mean value 85 x 10.sup.4./sup. ind.m.sup.-2./sup.), especially with reduced populations of plant feeding species. The most dominant nematodes in the field were bacterivorous genera (55 %). During succession the total abundance of nematodes in the abandoned field plots (AF; natural fallow), regional grass mixture plots (RGM), and commercial grass mixture plots (CGM) increased to 109, 140, and 154 x 10.sup.4./sup. ind.m.sup.-2./sup.. The dominance of bacterivorous nematodes decreased to 30 %, 30 %, and 35 %, respectively. The abundance and the dominance of root-fungal feeding nematodes increased in RGM (25 %) and CGM(24 %) treatments, that of plant-parasitic nematodes increased in AF (12 %). The abundance and the dominance of omnivorous nematodes increased mainly in AF (24 %), that of predacious nematodes increased in all treatments (6 %, 4 %, 3 %, respectively).
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Společenstva půdních hlístic (Nematoda) ve vybraných mokřadních habitatech Národního parku Biebrza
Háněl, Ladislav
Nine marshland habitats of the Biebrza National Park in north-east Poland were investigated for nematodes in a single survey. In total, about 170 species and 89 genera of nematodes were determined. The abundance of nematodes in individual habitats ranged from 75 to 470 x 10.sup.4./sup. ind.m.sup.-2./sup.. The order Tylenchida represented 33 % of all nematode individuals, Dorylaimida 23 % and Araeolaimida 18 %. The respective numbers of genera in these orders were 22, 22 and 9, of species 43, 43 and 24.
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Přitažlivost listového opadu pro pancířníky – experiment s opadovými sáčky
Farská, Jitka
Oribatid mites in litterbags and in soil samples were studied during one year. The litterbags with oak or beech litter were exposed in beech and spruce forest on the Kleť Mt. (Blanský les Protected Landscape Area, Czech Republic). Four habitat-litter combinations were investigated - oak litter in beech forest, oak litter in spruce forest, beech litter in beech forest and beech litter in spruce forest. Soil samples were taken from oak, beech and spruce forests. Species diversity of oribatid mites increased with litter decomposition in the litterbags. Communities of oribatid mites in the litterbags exposed in spruce forest had higher species richness (59 species) than those exposed in beech forest (33 species). Species composition was dependent on the forest type where the litterbags were exposed. The influence of the litter type on the oribatid community was lower. Communities in the litterbags and in the soil samples were compared.
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Primární sukcese společenstev půdních vířníků na výsypkách po těžbě hnědého uhlí
Devetter, Miloslav
The changes of rotifer soil communities along primary succession chronosequence was studied on brown coal post mining areas near Sokolov, NW part of the Czech Republic. The age of successional stages was 2, 11, 14, 20, 43 years. The rotifers were extracted from soil samples using modified method of Baermann funnel with combined light and temperature gradients. In total, 17 taxa of soil rotifers were identified throughout the study. Most common species were .i.Adineta vaga, Habrotrocha rosa, Macrotrachela quadricornifera./i.. The important were also .i.Encentrum arvicola, Habrotrocha elegans, Macrotrachela nana./i.. Total densities varied from tens to hundreds thousands individuals per m.sup.2./sup. and increased with the increasing age of the plot. Depressions of the surface relief hosted higher numbers of rotifers than elevations, but elevations were more rich in species. The species succession on chronosequence is well demonstrated in the genus .i.Encentrum./i..
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Atraktivita listového opadu pro půdní gamasidní roztoče (Acarina, Gamasida) v experimentu v dekompozičních síťkách
Čápová, Lenka ; Rusek, Josef
A three-year litterbag experiment was established at the Kleť Mt. (Blanský les) in November 2002. Results from the first year of the experiment are presented here. In total 1619 individuals of 35 species of Parasitiformes mites were recorded in the litterbags and soil samples. Veigaiaidae, Parasitidae and Uropodidae were the most abundant mite families. Eighteen species were recorded from beech forest, 67 and 61% of them were established in oak and beech litterbags, respectively. 12 and 5 species recorded in these litterbags did not occur in the soil samples. 19 species were recorded from the spruce forest, 84 and 67% of them were established in oak and beech litterbags, respectively. Eight and five species from these litterbags did not occur in the soil samples.
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