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The possibilities to combine biogas production and biowaste hydrothermal carbonization
Usťak, Sergej ; Honzík, Roman ; Muňoz, jakub
The objective of the methodology is to provide to farmers, agricultural consultants, owners and operators of biogas plants, to biowaste producers and processors, to experts in the field of soil reclamation and melioration, to investors and other interested parties on the concerned issues, the basic information about the potential at the combination of biogas production and biowaste hydrothermal carbonization. These options are evaluated on the basis of processing at accumulated energy intensity for the above combined processes and its comparison with conservative biogas production using the example biogas plant with installed electrical capacity of 800 kW. Part of the methodology is guided to evaluate the potential use of thermo- pressure hydrolysis unit as a device for digestate hydrothermal carbonization and other wastes in order to improve their performance, particularly in terms of employment in agriculture as highquality substrates for soil fertilization and for the purpose of soil carbon sequestration.
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Černý, David ; Malaťák, Jan (advisor) ; Mašek, Jiří (referee)
Organic wastes represent available replacement for crops grown specifically for biofuel production. However, the combustion of solid biofuels is often accompanied by technical problems. Biofuels made of organic wastes require the source of which do not contain hazardous substances that could be their combustion in simple combustion sources came into the atmosphere as emissions.
This thesis is focused on the assessment of technical and operational parameters of small combustion plants while burning biofuels and also of the measurement of emission concentrations of CO and NOX in the flue gas and its subsequent analysis. Samples were selected as solid fuel in the form of a lump, briquettes and pellets made from advanced materials. Incineration was realized in the fireplace with a grate furnace and automatic stove.
The bark briquettes could appears to be a suitable substitution for coal or wooden briquettes, and during combustion in grate emission concentrations of CO were achieved with a value of 560.8 +/- 98.9 mg.m-3,on the contrary NOX levels were relatively high
1 193.6 +/- 141.7 mg.m-3. In case of this work, when using the furnace the briquettes were made from compost , whose emission levels are higher: CO 1 487.8 +/- 418.8 mg.m-3, NOx levels were somewhat lower 330.8 +/- 26.3 mg.m-3 than the briquettes bark.
An experimental sample of sewage sludge, which has been modified by hydrothermal carbonisation, was burned on the grate furnace and the measured emission levels for CO
1 493.3 +/- 237.3 mg.m-3 and NOX levels 544.8 +/- 20.2 mg.m-3, positive because it was achieved the rated output of the combustion equipment and the heat of combustion of the sample is very low 12.61 MJ.kg-1.
The most efficient combustion of 80.8 +/- 2,7 % was achieved using automatic stove, during burning waste wood pellets certificate ENplus A1, the very low levels of emission and a very low emission levels for CO with a value of 117.5 +/- 14.4 mg.m-3 and values NOX
110.3 +/- 2.9 mg.m-3 were measured. Following experiments on this device were intended to increase the efficiency of a combustion plant by installing a hot-air heat exchanger and preheating combustion air. Method with preheating combustion air caused an increase in the emission concentration of CO.
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Energetic utilisation of sewage sludge
Tlašek, Miroslav ; Stříteský, Luboš (referee) ; Hlavínek, Petr (advisor)
Diploma thesis deals with issues related to final treatment sludge. Sewage sludge is an inevitable product of wastewater treatment. Also, most of them concentrated pollution. Most of pollution are concentrated in to them. And because it contains a large percentage of combustibles. Before thermal utilization, it is necessary to appropriately adjust the sludge. Thermal sludge utilization offers the most effective method of energy recovery. It is an energy conversion in the sludge, to heat and electricity. In the vast majority, if not the co-firing, it is necessary to modify the sludge and so it is dried. This is the optimal use of modern technology. There are several variations possible use. Unfortunately it is not in general able to propose the most appropriate technology or methodology, how to make best use of sewage sludge. Specific assignment usually have their own characteristics. In my work I will therefore first try to outline possible technology and in the second part to suggest sludge terminal for WWTP Hodonín.
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PERSPECTIVE METHODS OF SEWAGE SLUDGE UTILISATION FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION
Elsässer, Thomas ; Klemeš,, Jiří (referee) ; Žaloudík, Petr (referee) ; Stehlík, Petr (advisor)
Tato práce o energetickém využití čistírenských kalů obsahuje popis vlastností kalu (hustota, měrná tepelná kapacita a dynamická viskozita). Stěžejní kapitoly jsou věnovány desintegraci kalu pro zvýšení obsahu sušiny po odvodnění a experimentálnímu zkoumání tvorby emisí při spalování kalu, kde byl posuzován vliv přídavku alkálie. Spalování vysušeného kalu proběhlo ve fluidní vrstvě, byla zkoumána produkce škodlivin a distribuce těžkých kovů. Druhá ucelená část práce je věnována termochemické desintegraci stabilizovaného kalu, přičemž byl experimentálně vyhodnocován vliv na obsah vody v odvodněném kalu. Provedené experimenty sloužily k detekci vhodné teploty a dávky chemikálie. Výsledky experimentů byly rovněž podkladem pro ekonomickou bilanci, která je založena na úsporách za likvidaci menšího množství kalu.
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Treatment of Waste Water Treatment Sludge Prior of its Following Utilization
Pěček, Jan ; Klemeš,, Jiří (referee) ; Žaloudík, Petr (referee) ; Jícha, Jaroslav (advisor)
Industrial production of cellulose is an energy intensive process. Businesses aim to utilized as much input energy, materials as possible while minimizing the waste as well. In addition to the main product – cellulose and large amounts of organically polluted water which is subsequently treated in waste water treatment plants. This PhD thesis deals with formation of suitable mixing formula for sludge from cellulose production and available materials (waste) from close neighborhood of Biocel Paskov a.s. so that well balanced cofermentation products are achieved. This mainly involves grass from lawn maintenance, grass ensilage, potato peels, and leftovers from vegetable processing. Fermentation processes (both mesophilic and thermophilic) of prepared fermentation products were conducted in semi-continuous and continuous laboratory fermentation units. Reduction of organic mass depending on residence time was closely observed as well as production and quality of biogas along with quality of output digestate. Course of process behaviour under controlled pH was tested. Results of particular tests were integrated into graphs. Conclusion of the thesis presents balance scheme drawn for selected variants, and design of real fermentation station with individual buildings, operations, basic machinery and equipment description including investment costs. Financial calculation and expected investment return was conducted in two variants – without subsidies and including subsidies from Operational Programme Renewable Sources of Energy.
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Disintegration of sludge thickened by flotation
Veverka, Jakub ; Jecha, David (referee) ; Houdková, Lucie (advisor)
The main topic of this thesis is a research of influence of disintegration of sewage sludge on the production of biogas during the process of anaerobic fermentation. The theoretical part deals with issues and specific methods used during the process of waste water cleaning, furthermore it contains simplified description of waste water treatment plants and particular devices. The number of ways of processing sewage sludge and its potential utilization id also discussed. Following parts of the thesis analyze in detail my own process of anaerobic fermentation including important factors influencing this process. Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic fermentation and ecological perspective on the issue are included in this part. Another important part of the thesis deals with disintegration and description of the disintegration methods and devices. The fundamental part implies the analysis of the executed experiments. Experiments analyze the growth of biogas during anaerobic fermentation depending on the disintegration of sewage sludge. After that the evaluation of the experiments is stated together with economical calculations of the disintegration process executed in laboratory conditions.
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Pilot Scale Solar Dryer Design
Plucar, Tomáš ; Létal, Tomáš (referee) ; Houdková, Lucie (advisor)
is Diploma’s thesis is addressing the issues of technical drying, principles and types of technical drying, solar drying possible usefulness of sewage sludge in the Czech Republic, its availability during the season, the legislation related to the processing of sewage sludge and design of pilot scale solar dryer.
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Pilot Scale Solar Dryer Design
Plucar, Tomáš ; Jícha, Jaroslav (referee) ; Houdková, Lucie (advisor)
This Diploma’s thesis is addressing the issues of technical drying, principles and types of technical drying, solar drying possible usefulness of sewage sludge in the Czech Republic, its availability during the season, the legislation related to the processing of sewage sludge and design of pilot scale solar dryer.
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Incineration of Sludge Mixed with Alkali
Urban, Václav ; Jecha, David (referee) ; Houdková, Lucie (advisor)
Subject of the present Ing. thesis is problem of incineration of sewage sludge and influence of lime on production of editions. In work are described kinds of sewage sludge combustion and possibilities of edition cleaning. Work includes design and description of experimental combustion of sewage sludge mixtured with kalcite in fluidized bed reactor. The end of work delal with, evaluation of editions from combustion experiment. Evaluated components of bunt gases are: heavy metals, TZL, SO2, CO, CO2, HCl, HF, O2, NO, PAH, PCB, PCDD/F.
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