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Evaluation of ontogenetic development of the mandible using geometric morphometric methods
Kiebelová, Alena ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee)
During ontogeny there are a lot of changes in the entire human skeleton. This thesis deals with shape changes in the mandible, which are caused by genetic, hormonal, as well as mechanical factors. The most important mechanical factors influencing the shape of mandible are development of deciduous and permanent dentition and also development of masticatory muscles. 34 children mandibles of known age and 14 adult mandibles were analysed and compared for this thesis. Data were obtained by scanning coordinates of 36 landmarks using Microscribe G2X, and then were processed by software PAST and Morphologika2 using multivariate statistics (PCA, MANOVA). Geometric morphometrics is used for a detailed analysis of shape changes of the mandible. There is no difference between dental and chronological age. In conclusion, lower jaw narrows during growth, the body extends more in the region of third molars and the ramus grows mainly in the region of condylar process. Chin prominence also occurs during ontogeny. In the group of adult mandibles the variability is caused by coronoid process height and the body width. The hypothesis, that age groups are significantly different from each other, and therefore due to tooth mineralization there are marked shape changes, is confirmed.
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The pharmacological influencing of motor skills in juvenile laboratory rats
Stehlíková, Mariana ; Bitnar, Petr (referee) ; Mareš, Pavel (advisor)
Ganaxolone is a new potencional antiepileptic drug, synthetic analog of allopregnanolone which is a metabolite of progesterone. Preclinical and clinical studies point out its anticonvulsive effect in the treatment of both partial and generalized seizures including refractory epilepsy. The aim of our research was to investigate changes in the motor performance of the immature rats after administration of ganaxolone. We also focused on the relation between motoric impairment and the age of the rats which correlates with the age of children. 90 immature rats of age 12, 18 and 25 days were tested. Rats were divided in three groups injected with doses of 20 mgGNX/kg or 40 mgGNX/kg and the control group. The tests for assessing motor performance were chosen with respect to the maturation of sensorimotor reflexes from the following batery of tests: righting test, bar holding test, wire mesh test, negative geotaxis test and open field test. There were no significant differences before and after injection of the drug and in comparison with the control group not even in comparison of classes of age. We have demonstrated that the dose of ganaxolone effective against epileptic seizures does not markedly affect the motoric performance of the immature rats. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Regarding the matters of the ontogenesis of speech
ADAMOVÁ, Kateřina
This thesis focuses on general questions of speech ontogeny, it presents an overview of the ontogeny as a sub-discipline and describes the development of speech and language of an individual. The thesis is divided into two parts: theoretical part and research. The theoretical part provides a general description of speech ontogeny and related sciences. It also includes the outline of stages of speech and language development. The thesis deals with biological factors, social environment and family environment important for speech and language development. It also deals with vocabulary related with speech and language development. The research part describes the relationship between reading and the extent of vocabulary, focusing on pupils of secondary schools, aged 12-14.
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The effect of water temperature on early ontogeny in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)during post - embryonic development
FRANTA, Pavel
This theses is made up from two methodologically identical experiments, which involved observing the starting time of key sections of early ontogeny (H95, S95, Re95) at a temperature of 24°C. The experiments used 29 groups of eleuterembryoes/larvae which were fed for 30 days, but timing of initial feeding of exogenous food was different between the groups. The first group began initial feeding at the age 72 hPF and every other group was fed for the first time 6 hours later than the previous group (the last group was fed at the first time at the age 240 hPF). The group, which wasn´t fed exogenous food during the experiment, served as control. The effect of timing of start feeding on morphometric and gravimetric characteristics, size distribution, survival and rate of cannibalism in eleuterembryoes/larvae was examined. A temperature of 24 °C was determined the hatching time of eleuterembryoes after 36, resp. 33 hours (1st, respectively 2nd experiment) from fertilization. The start of intake of exogenous food (S95) was determined at age 123 hPF, yolk sac absorption at age 150 hPF during the 1st experiment. At the 2nd experiment the start of intake exogenous food was determined at age 115 hPF and yolk sac absorption at age 161 hPF. During the interval from H95 to S95 records showed an increased rate of growth, especially the caudal part of the body. At the age from S95 to Re95, growth of unfed larvae was stopped (first effect of starvation). Almost all monitored parametres were significantly affected (P < 0,01) by timing of start feeding except for rate of cannibalism. While the percentage representation of large sized and medium sized individuals (the potential cannibals) was decreased with increasing the time of start feeding, the rate of cannibalism wasn´t changed. However the number of small sized individuals was increased with increasing the time of start feeding. The study of the African catfish confirmed the negative impact on survival, which is caused by a delay in initial feeding. Unlike survival, with morphometric parametres there wasn´t observed a significant decrease in values, provide the larvae was first fed before reaching the age of 216 hPF. It was also found that almost 100 % of the individuals in the control (unfed) group died at age 377 hPF. However the first indications of increasing mortality was observed in age 283 hPF. Based on the above information, the PNR (point of no return) was reached approximately at the age of 270 hPF in African catfish
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The influence of gymnastic exercises to correct posture for girls of primary school age.
ŠMOLÍKOVÁ, Tereza
This work is adicted to observation of younger school age girls posture. Respondents are divided anto two groups. One group consists of girls who are practising sport´s gymnastic and the other group are girls practising different or any sports. Disparity of these two groups is examined by means of a questionnaire In the theoretical part there are all information and continuity which are important for this subject, questions concerning gymnastic exercises respectively sports gymnastics. Such as physiological aspects burden for girls of younger school age, the function of the locomotive system, and the area kinesiology, such as muscle imbalance, muscle balance and upright body position. With respect to the topic, in this thesis also mentions of ontogenetic development of girls and also health education, especially lifestyle.Further the work aspires of the keywords clarificationof the whole research. In the practocal part there are evaluated the before mentioned, further the discussion and the overal results of the research. Where he was found positive influence of gymnastic exercise on posture in girls of younger school age.
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Effect of water temperature on early life history in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus)
PROKEŠOVÁ, Markéta
In the present M. Sc. thesis the effect of water temperature (thermal range: 17.4 - 38.6 °C) on early life history (during interval from egg fertilization to full yolk sac depletion by 50 % of larvae; Fe - Re50) in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was examined. Length of the incubation period (i. e. interval from egg fertilization to the moment of hatching of 50 % of individuals; Fe - H50), length of the hatching period (i. e. interval from hatching of 5 % of individuals to hatching of 95 % of individuals; H5 - H95), length of the period up to the first intake of exogenous food (i. e. interval from H50 to the first intake of exogenous food by 50 % of individuals; H50 - S50) and length of the period up to the full yolk sac resorption (H50 - Re50) were inversely proportional to the incubation temperature. Period of the yolk sac resorption was significantly prolonged (approximately six times) because of using of exogenous food (compared to treatments without added external food supplies). Embryonic development was theoretically stopped at temperature 15.4 °C and hatching occured after c. 12 effective day-degrees. Size of larvae increased during embryonic and larval period. Size of larvae at H50, S50 and Re50, was inversely proportional dependent on the incubation temperature. Size of individuals at Re50 was increased (approximately twice) because of using of exogenous food (compared to treatments without added external food supplies). Yolk sac volume (YsV) decreased during embryonic and larval period. YsV at H50 was correlated with size of egg and YsV was S50 was inversely proportional to the incubation temperature. A dry weight of yolk sac at H50 represented c. 89 % of total dry weight of hatched larvae. During the period of endogenous feeding c. 75 % of dry weight of egg was converted into the larval somatic tissues. Efficiency of energy conversion during the period of endogenous feeding is lower (60 %). The energetical value of total dry matter and content of sulfur in dry matter was decreasing during the period of endogenous feeding (in order: egg, hatched larvae, larvae at Re50). Content of nitrogen and carbon in dry matter was increasing during the embryonic period and afterwards was decreasing during the larval period. In term of survival, the zone of thermal tolerance for early life history in African catfish ranges from 19 to 33 °C (with thermal optimum between 23 and 30 °C), i. e. this fish belongs to the typical thermophilous species. The suboptimal temperatures lies within intervals 21 - 23 °C and 30 - 33 °C, respectively. Temperatures below 17.5 °C as well above 35.5 °C can be considered as the lethal temperatures already during embryonic period and those below 19 °C and above 33 °C as the lethal ones during larval period, respectively. In term of bioenergy, the thermal optimum for early life history in African catfish lies between 23 - 28 °C.
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The physostomous and physoclist fish: the morphological aspects of early ontogeny
STOPOVÁ, Barbora
This work {\clq}Comparing morphological {--} anatomic aspects early ontogeny of the fish group physostomous and physoclist` has the aim to describe early ontogeny of various fish - species from the group physostomous and physoclist and to compare rate of the organogeny at both groups. Organogeny physostomous and physoclist species is morphological the same, but basic principles are different, which are generalize like classification periods, stages, levels. Can be found some distinction of fish organogeny especially depending on phylogeny. Theoretic part of this work is focused on concept determination {--} group physostomous and physoclist, ontogeny and anatomy of the gas bladder. In the part with own issues there are microphotographs of early ontogeny and they were compared. Results of this work proved that the time which is necessary to finish some ontogeny grade from semination is notably different and development is overally longer in the group physoclist than physostomous. Work suggests that filling the gas bladder by the biochemical way doesn´t exit only in physoclist species but in poecilid too.
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VOJTA PRINCIPLE IN THE PHYSIOTHERAPY OF LOCOMOTIVE DISORDERS BY THE CHILDREN´S NEUROLOGICAL PATIENTS
KADLECOVÁ, Jana
My bachelor thesis deals with reflexology in relation to treatment of children with cerebral palsy (CP). As the Vojta method has been considered the most effective for treatment of patients suffering from any form of cerebral palsy, I have chosen as the main objective of my thesis the evaluation of effectiveness of treatment with the Vojta method. The respondents were two clients of the Arpida center for rehabilitation of handicapped people, who were undergoing treatment for triparetic and diparetic form of cerebral palsy. In the theoretical part I described facts about the disorder, including its etiology, symptoms, clinical manifestations but particularly diagnostics, prevention and treatment. Subsequently, I described the essence of the Vojta method as a diagnostic and therapeutic system. The practical part used a method of qualitative research, based on a secondary analysis of data and direct observation. The monitoring included a standard observation test Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) and ADL test. To meet one partial objective of the thesis, i.e. analysis of experience of parents with treatment of CP using the Vojta method, I used a method of semi-structured interview. The examination of spontaneous mobility and the quality and quantity of body posture in the development of erective mechanisms has confirmed improvement in both the respondents after the applied therapy using the Vojta method, which has been demonstrated in the final kinesiology analysis. The case studies have shown that effectiveness of the therapy using the Vojta method is influenced by certain aspects, such as frequency, dosing, early beginning of the therapy, proper management of parents by the physiotherapist and the parents´ attitude to the therapy. The Vojta method represents a good basis for treatment of children with cerebral palsy but the rehabilitation shall be always an integral process. In conclusion of my thesis I have recommended to monitor clients in their development by using retardation quotient calculations.
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Ontogeny of coloration patterns in Neotropical cichlids of the Tribe Heroini (TELEOSTEI: CICHLIDAE: CICHLASOMATINAE)
Muška, Milan ; Říčan, O. ; Novák, J.
We have studied the ontogeny of Cichlid fishes of the tribe Heroini, using developmental series. By observing the development of pigment patterns in larval, juvenile and adult cichlids, the homologous elements of the lateral barring pattern have been hypothesized. Although pigmentation is often disregarded as a source of characters containing historical information, the congruence of many of these characters with a recent phylogeny of heroini, suggest their utility. A common mechanism underlying pattern formation is suggested based on similarities between Neotropical and African Cichlids.
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Towards classification and terminology of early life history stages in fishes
Peňáz, Milan
This review paper analyses and describes main approaches in the classification of fish ontogeny and concerning terminology, it tries to summarize main results obtained as well as to point out and to discuss the main existing confusing problems, such a differently understood and differently demarcated larval and juvenile life history periods. Important role of absolute yolk amount on the character of early ontogeny, with consequencies on the strategies of reproduction a population dynamics is also emsized.
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