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Economics of Squatting
Knobloch, Tomáš ; Svoboda, Miroslav (advisor) ; Matějka, Marek (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focused on squatting phenomenon from an economic point of view. The main attention is given primarily to the institutional structure of squats and how they are defined. Theoretical part of the study investigates formation and structure of squatting in Western Europe and Czech Republic (cultural and political demarcation, causes and motivations to stand behind). The next phase summarizes and brings closer the economic approach on which - three main hypotheses are defined. Questions are, if it is possible to say, if squats are somehow similar in terms of organizational structure to the institutional theory of the firm, how institutions and property rights are defined. Empirical part is mainly based on repeated personal observation in one of the Prague squats and on structured interviews with ex-squatters. Conclusions are limited by the nature of the data set, since it cannot be statistically tested. Nevertheless the conclusion is unambiguous. Squat communities are established through implicit contractual relationships. Internal institutions and rules are generally formed via habits. Squatters also clearly distinguish between community and private property, despite the fact that such attitude is something they criticize. Squatters in Czech Republic perceive it as a capitalistic exploitation.
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Anti-ekonomie: vnímání organizace a spontánního řádu a jeho důsledky pro hospodářskou politiku
Ábelovský, Adam ; Pfeifer, Lukáš (advisor) ; Misic, Viktorija (referee)
Anti-economics is a fundamental critique of rationality in economics based in misconception of organization and spontaneous order. Some of the anti-economics is based in Folk Economics, mostly laymen. Economists also tend to be wrong when analyzing basic principles of neoclassical economics. These results are not persuasive. Complex character of the human mind - explored through Folk Economics, bounded rationality and Hayek's The Sensory Order -- transfers itself to the study of social phenomena and brings the need for use of subjective or ecological rationality. In the perception of objective rationality there is no incentive for learning and that is in contradiction with Hayek's theory of mind. Neoclassical economics might find common ground with subjective theory of mind in the fields of experimental economics, e.g. neuroeconomics. Hayekian approach to rationality enforces constraints to government and bottom up rules to be maintained.
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The concept of man in economics
Zeman, Jakub ; Sirůček, Pavel (advisor) ; Džbánková, Zuzana (referee)
The thesis discusses the concept of man in the standard economic thinking. It focuses on a critical evaluation of the selected fundamentals. It presents some possible alternative views which show deficiencies in axiomatics of the main currents of economic modeling. Emphasizing the interdisciplinary connections of knowledge about human thought and behavior the thesis is trying to suggest some directions for further development in the approach to human beings in economics to better reflect their defining natural characteristics. It also mentions some of the manifestations of these characteristics, which can be obtained by drawing on the knowledge of psychology, behavioral economics, neuroeconomics and other disciplines and which are inconsistent with standard models, because they lead to errors and irrationality, implicitly produce bounded rationality or attribute the constitutive importance during the formation of thought to completely different elements. In conclusion, the thesis passes to reflect the position of irrationality in the inner world of human's brain and also in the outside world - the economy.
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Possibility of implementation Fromm´s freedom on Hayek´s liberal order
Soukup, Michal ; Sigmund, Tomáš (advisor) ; Toman, Prokop (referee)
This work is strictly theoretical reasoning and comparation of the two important trains of thought, humanistic socialism and liberal competition, which conflict with each other in everyday events of the present world. I am trying in this work to consider arguments, which F.A. Hayek is using to defend his idea about functioning of a liberal order which according to him absolutely spontaneusly creates the best possible environment for an assertion and development of a free individual and these arguments i am trying to follow subsequently with humanistic thinking of Erich Fromm placing the emphasis on his different conception of the individual but also spontaneus freedom and to analyse if it is possible for such individual who is humanly oriented to find full exercise of his inner needs and at the same time to remain useful member just of such society which Hayek submit us. Aim of this work is consideration of every discovered contrast of these two conceptions and thinking about humanistic ideas if they are for the liberal order only past drowned in selfish competitive acting or if they are still actual or if they even have opportunity to fully develop in such order. Benefit of this work I see first of all in the analysis of though not quite sought after but extremely actual problem if free individual is able to spontaneusly create such social order over the time in which his individuality may fully develop or if he dies out in unconconsciously created all embracing conformability.
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Essays on Economic Behaviour
Hudík, Marek ; Kadeřábková, Božena (advisor) ; Pavlík, Ján (referee) ; Boettke, Peter (referee)
The main thesis of these essays is that social phenomena are different from psychological phenomena and thus social sciences do not belong to behavioural sciences. Chapter 1 introduces the fundamental problem of the rational choice theory ("Macaulay's problem"): either the theory is empirical and false or it is without empirical content and true. Various suggested solutions to this problem are reviewed and criticized. It is argued that the problem is evaded once it is admitted that rational choice theory does not attempt to explain behaviour. It was developed to explain decreasing individual demand and its extension to behavioural sciences is illegitimate. In Chapter 2 the difference between the interpretation of rationality in choice theory and demand theory is shown. It is argued that choice theory must adopt the agent's point of view, while demand theory proceeds from the point of view of an observer. Chapter 3 applies the argument to the problem of indifference ("Nozick's problem"): it claims that choice theory must adopt strict ordering of alternatives because indifference is already accounted for in the description of the choice alternatives. The difference between the consumer perception and the objective price-quantity relation embodied in the demand function is further explored in Chapter 4 on the example of the Rothbardian demand theory. It is argued that the law of marginal utility defined in terms of subjective units (i.e. units relevant to the consumer) does not imply nonincreasing demand. Chapter 5 is complementary to the previous and attempts to answer the question, whether the concept of marginal utility is compatible with ordinalism. Finally, Chapter 6 discusses on the methodological level the difference between behavioural sciences and economics. It argues that the difference can be conveniently described with the help of Popper's concepts of 'World 2'and 'World 3'.
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Irrationality in the decision making process
Renner, Petr ; Švecová, Lenka (advisor) ; Vrbová, Lucie (referee)
The diploma thesis deals with the crucial aspect of manager's and leader's role in both public and private organizations -- decision making. It explains the different phases of the decision making process, and then challenges the classical concept based on the theory of rational choice with the results of many experiments outlining a slightly different picture of reality. It seems thought, that human decisions are not fully rational indeed. Despite the availability of advanced methods and tools, many of us instinctively rely on a variety of mental shortcuts and simplifications. Even worse, because they are rooted very deep into our minds and are rather non conscious, we tend to make the same mistakes again and again. To explore and to be fully aware of the danger of this psychological traps threatening the different phases of the decision making process, is the first important step on the way to weaken their influence. Tips and hints illustrated with many experiments and real-life examples from business in this thesis should help us to improve the quality of our decisions and achieve better results.
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Can suicide bombers be rationally acting people?
Tišl, Zdeněk ; Šťastný, Daniel (advisor) ; Bartoň, Petr (referee)
The paper deals with the phenomenon of suicide bombers. Terrorism is very serious problem of the modern world. Economics is the social science that studies human behaviour. So this science should be able to explain this extreme behaviour. The key goal of this paper is to describe the suicide attacks as rational action. The paper consists of two parts. The first part deals with the term rationality in economics and its alternative aproach. The second part is about suicide bombers. I have chosen islamic suicide bombers as a object of my work. The social profile of the suicide bombers is studied and the conection between education and wealth on the one hand and propensity to perpetrate the suicide attack on the other hand is discussed.
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Cognitive biases in decision making process
Trejbal, Pavel ; Pstružina, Karel (advisor) ; Jirků, Petr (referee)
The focus of this thesis is mainly on the area of human decision making. During the decision process we are subjected to several influences, which bias our judgement. Therefore, we may be misguided towards wrong decisions. In addition, it is important that the display of distorted influence is regularly repeated with the same persons. Thus, we may assume that we are talking about a universal apparatus of the human mind. The aim of this thesis is also to identify the above-mentioned influences, and mainly to understand the nature of their origin. The knowledge resulting from the research could become important and useful tool for the reader, since the knowledge may be used for the improvement of our own decisions in both private and professional life. The research is based on interdisciplinary approaches to cognitive science. On one hand we use the functional model of mind, on the other hand we utilize a wide range of empirical data from several fields, such as psychology, behavioral economics and the sciences concerned with the brain. Using these tools, we analyze specific influences, which are considered to be important from the point of view of decision making. They are for example feelings, emotions, social influences, language, self, experience, expectations and prior forms of judgement. Based on the analysis of the influences, hypotheses about their interconnectedness are deduced. Finally, we suggest several practical methods, which should help us to improve our own decision making and help us to avoid wrong conclusions.
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Rozhodování člověka a počítače
Belák, Václav ; Rosický, Antonín (advisor) ; Havel, Ivan (referee) ; doc. Ing. Ivan M. Havel, CSc. Ph.D., (referee)
Rozhodování je procesem výběru jedné z možných variant akcí. U jedince se jedná o komplexní proces, který je ovlivněn očekáváním jedince, jeho znalostmi, porozuměním světu, hodnotami a také jeho schopností tvořit. Komplexita tohoto procesu vzrůstá, uvážíme-li postavení jedince v kolektivu. Vyrovnávání se s těmito problémy je tradičně výzvou pro psychologii a management. Autorovým cílem je pojmutí této problematiky z perspektivy kognitivní vědy spolu s akcentem na inteligentní systémy pro podporu rozhodování. Nastíníme některé ze základních principů těchto systémů a po pojmenování rozdílů mezi těmito a lidským procesem rozhodování se přesuneme k jednotlivým přínosům a úskalím kombinace obou procesů rozhodování, v jejichž vhodné kombinaci spočívá úspěch budoucích rozhodnutí.
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