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Determination of selected elements in cereal flours and their gluten-free alternatives
Venclová, Veronika ; Hraníček, Jakub (advisor) ; Nováková, Eliška (referee)
This study deals with the determination of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese and molybdenum in cereal gluten flours and its gluten-free alternatives. The flour samples were digested using a microwave device and the elements in solution were subsequently determined using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Optimization of the digestion of the selected flours was performer prior to the actual determination of the elements. The aim of the work was to determine the above listed elements in the flour samples and to establish a basic overview of the elemental composition of the different flours. This overview and comparison of the different flours is intended to help the people with celiac disease to choose gluten-free alternatives to wheat flour. Keywords Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, microwave digestion, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, molybdenum, wheat flour, gluten-free flours, celiac disease
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Aboveground litterfall fluxes of selected elements in central European temperate forest
Bašta, Jan ; Oulehle, Filip (advisor) ; Chuman, Tomáš (referee)
5 Abstract Aboveground litterfall is the most important intrasystem flow in the temperate forest ecosystem. It is also the largest input flux to the soil surface for most of the macronutrients (N, P, Ca, Mg, K). However, under Central European conditions, studies on the magnitude of this flux in relation to elemental stocks are lacking. GEOMON Small Forest Catchment Network is used to investigate long-term trends in nutrient cycles in temperate forests of Central Europe and the human influence on them. As part of this network aboveground litterfall collectors were placed in 14 catchments at a total of 19 sites at the end of 2019. Litterfall was then collected bimonthly, weighed and sorted into different fractions. These fractions were analyzed to determine the concentration of the elements of interest. From these values, the fluxes of the elements in the aboveground litterfall were calculated. The observed values were compared with the characteristics of the individual sites and the element budgets in the catchments. The monitored elements can be ranked according to the size of the flux of the element through the aboveground litterfall in relation to other inputs of that element to the soil as follows: C, P, N, Ca, Mg and K. The average amount of aboveground litterfall in the GEOMON network is 4.6...
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Determination of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in selected types of animal bones
Škardová, Alice ; Hraníček, Jakub (advisor) ; Kozlík, Petr (referee)
This research focuses on the elemental analysis of selected elements (calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus) within the bones of various animal species, aiming to make comparative nutritional assessments. The obtained bone samples were subjected to mechanical grinding and then quantitatively weighed into collapsible cartridges. Using high-pressure microwave decomposition with the incorporation of nitric and hydrochloric acid, the samples were transformed into solution form, which was then appropriately diluted. The analysis of the liquid samples was carried out using a mass spectrometer with inductively coupled plasma. The observed composition for each sample was calculated using the calibration curve, accounting for both sample mass and dilution factors. All results obtained exceeded the detection limit for calcium 0.38 mg/l, magnesium 0.037 mg/l, and phosphorus 0.078 mg/l. The main finding of this research is the complete understanding of the elemental makeup present within the bones of distinct animal species.
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Mineral nutrient transporters and root system efficiency
Schmidová, Dominika ; Tylová, Edita (advisor) ; Kobercová, Eliška (referee)
Plants are sessile organisms whose survival depends largely on the ability to ensure sufficient water and mineral nutrient uptake by the root system. To this end, plants have evolved specialised transport systems that ensure selective uptake of essential elements and also allow plants to adapt to varying soil nutrient concentrations. In terms of transport kinetics, mineral nutrient transporters are of two types - high-affinity and low-affinity. Depending on the nutrient concentration in the soil, plants can engage each type to maximise nutrient uptake. In addition to the efficient setup of transport processes at the membranes, there are other mechanisms in the plant to maximize the uptake of soil resources. These are mainly changes in the architecture of the root system. In addition to the systemic growth response, plants regulate root growth at the local level in response to uneven nutrient distribution in the soil. This response is limited to a specific part of the root system, which adapts to use that area as efficiently as possible. In addition to their transport function, mineral nutrient transporters also play a sensory role in the regulation of localised root growth. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to describe the uptake mechanism of the important essential macronutrients, nitrogen,...
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Synthesis of self-immolative linkers suitable for bioconjugation
Taraj, Lukáš ; Baszczyňski, Ondřej (advisor) ; Jindřich, Jindřich (referee)
Self-immolative (SI) linkers are chemical constructs that undergo controlled self- fragmentation based on an appropriate stimulus, e.g., activation by light or a chemical agent. SI linkers are used in the targeted delivery of drugs, in the construction of probes for biochemistry, or in various polymers. The aim of the thesis will be the synthesis of new phosphorus-based SI linkers, which will contain a reactive chemical function for conjugation with thiols. Such a function will be, for example, a vinyl phosphonate or alkynyl phosphonate group. The aim of the work will be to examine the synthesis, self-immolation, stability, and the possibility of conjugability of such linkers with thiols, e.g., cysteine, glutathione, etc. The content of the student's work will be the synthesis of SI linkers, analysis of the obtained data, planning and monitoring of chemical experiments, and writing the diploma thesis. Keywords: self-immolative, bioconjugation, phosphorus, drug delivery
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Kvalita vody řeky Romže v závislosti na intenzitě průtoku
Dedková, Věra
As part of the diploma thesis, water samples were taken during the year from selected localities of the Romže River and the tributary of the Český creek and subsequently the basic physico-chemical parametres of water quality were monitored. According to legislative requirements, both streams fall into the worst 5th class of water quality – very heavily polluted water. The main pollutants are nitrogen and phosphorus, the content of organic substances (CODCr and BOD5) of undissolved substance, total iron and conductivity was also high. After the inflow into the Romže River, the more polluted Český creek deteriorated the water quality in terms of total phosphorus, conductivity, oxygen saturation and nitrate nitrogen. The main polluting factors are probable intensive agriculture from the surrounding buildings and wastewater treatment plant.
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Nutrient balance of the Rožmberk pond and its influence on the water quality of the Lužnice river
MONDEKOVÁ, Aneta
This diploma thesis deals with the nutrient balance of the Rožmberk pond for the years 2020-2021 and its impact on the river Lužnice. Due to the strongly eutrophic state of the pond caused by several polluting influences, such as insufficiently treated wastewater from the Třeboň WWTP or the outlet of wastewater from the R.A.B large pig farm, the Rožmberk pond was evaluated as the main source of phosphorus for the Orlík. The river Lužnice, flowing through Rožmberk, transports nutrient-rich water further to Orlík. Furthermore, this work is devoted to the study of sediments and phosphorus contained in it, as an internal source of phosphorus in the pond. The aim of this diploma thesis is to evaluate the nutrient balance for the mentioned years and compare with previous years of balance monitoring to the current situation in Rožmberk. The last calculation of the substance balance was in 2014, and therefore it is important to find out what the current situation on the pond is. Data for the purposes of this work were obtained by regular, balance monitoring of the state enterprise Vltava River Basin within 14-day intervals. Based on the results obtained by this work, when the pond showed negative retention, i.e., more phosphorus flowed out than it reached the pond with tributaries, it can be stated that the Rožmberk pond is a significant player influencing water quality in the Lužnice river basin. Internal processes are applied in the pond, when the pond copes with the old ecological burden, due to the significant amount of phosphorus stored in the sediment. Rožmberk pond shows that material balances are indispensable for determining the actual conditions in ponds. We cannot do without this information about the proposed measures to improve the quality of water in ponds.
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Hydrochemical characteristics of selected fishponds in the current conditions in relation to the basin management.
PERGLOVÁ, Veronika
Fishponds and their ecosystems perform a number of important functions. Except to their economic importance, ponds contribute to the formation of the landscape, the local climate, increase biodiversity and affect the retention of water and its quality. Rod Pond is in a protected nature reserve, and therefore it is in a modified economic regime, compared to other ponds in the Třeboň region. Due to the limitations of the semi-intensive economic farming system in recent years, the pond and its shores are an important home for waterfowl, amphibians and other organisms. Rod Pond is also very importance in the retention and conversion of various forms of phosphorus and nitrogen, thereby it reduce eutrophication and it contributes to improvement of the water quality. In this work was evaluated the seasonal (2019) and long-term development (se-lected years in the period from 1992 to 2019) of physicochemical indicators of water quality in the Rod pond in relation to fisheries management and river basins. It was evaluated impact of the water chemistry in depend on the sampling profile on this fishpond Rod, including the analysis of sediments from these various sampling locali-ties. Concentrations of the main nutrients of the sediments were compared with the analysis of the sediment from 2015, which showed that the sediment is still increas-ing the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus. Overall, the fishpond Rod shows itself like dynamic ecosystem. Despite the above-mentioned precautions in the fish management, fishpond is still hypertrophy, although it shows much lower levels of total phosphorus and chloro-phyll than it flows from the fishpond Naděje. To improve the quality of water in the fishpond and in the whole catchment area, it is important to limit the high inputs of nutrients into catchments basin and to reduce its own internal nutrient load by using the method of differentiated removal of part of the sediment.
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