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Phylogeography and population structure of two loach species (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) in Southeast Asia
Dvořák, Tomáš ; Bohlen, Jörg (advisor) ; Říčan, Oldřich (referee)
The freshwater fish species Schistura robertsi and Paracanthocobitis zonalternans belong to the family Nemacheilidae, which is distributed across whole Eurasia and with one species in northeast Africa. P. zonalternans occurs in lowland habitats through western Southeast Asia from Central Myanmar until northern Malaysia. The distribution area is of biogeographic interest, because it crosses several known biogeographic barriers, namely the border between Indian and Indochinese freshwater fauna along the Salween River, the Isthmus of Kra, the Krabi - Surat Thani line and the Kangar - Pattani line. In the present study, around 250 specimens of P. zonalternans from 62 localities across the whole distribution area were investigated using genetic (nuclear and mitochondrial sequences), morphologic and geologic data. The genetic data reveal the existence of seven major clades within the analysed material, each of them with a distinct geographic distribution area and only few cases of overlap, but with occurrence of some cases of secondary contact. Divergence time estimations suggested that P. zonalternans is about 18 my old, and a biogeographic analysis located the region of origin in the Tenasserim region (nowadays southern Myanmar). The global sea level fluctuations seem to have had a strong impact on the...
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Biogeografické aspekty ohrožení a ochrany velkých šelem ve výuce na základních školách
BĚLE, Šimon
The bachelor thesis deals with the topic of biogeographic aspects of the distribution and conservation of the large carnivores in the education on the 2nd grade of primary school. The main goal of this thesis is to evaluate the quantity of information about the topic of danger and protection of the large carnivores on the 2nd grade of primary school and the extracurricular education. The theoretical part describes representative species of carnivores and curricular documents of the Czech Republic. These are namely the Framework Education Programme for Primary Education and the School Educational Programmes of Josef Kajetán Tyl's Primary School and Edvard Beneš's Primary School in Písek and Mikulova Primary School in Prague. The thesis includes the research of schoolbooks for geography and biology on the primary school and educational programmes of zoos in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The author arranged a pilot questioning for the pupils of 6th and 9th class at Josef Kajetán Tyl's primary school and Mikulova primary school in Prague. The last part of the thesis is suggested possibilities for broadening the education on the 2nd grade of primary school.
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The diversity of diatom genera: relationship to genetic variability within the genus Frustulia and the role of geography
Vrbová, Kateřina ; Kulichová, Jana (advisor) ; Kopalová, Kateřina (referee)
The occurrence of some diatoms depends on degree of pollution and water quality. Due to this attribute are diatoms used as indicators for the environmental bioassessment. But the maximum use of diatoms for this purpose is complicated by high number of species which are defined based on the ultrastructural morphological features which are indistinguishable without the electron microscope. The aims of this study were to find out the influence of environmental factors, types of habitat and geography on the structure of diatom community. And find out if richness of higher taxonomic levels is correlated with species richness, in this case if it responds with the genetic diversity within diatom species complex Frustulia crassinervia-saxonica. In this study, 49 permanent slides from natural samples were analyzed. Samples were taken from benthos of different types of freshwater habitat - lakes, dams, pools, peat bogs, stream, wet wall on diverse localities in Europe, Canada, Greenland, Chile and New Zealand. In all slides were counted 300 cells which were determined based on the morphological features on genera level. Altogether 43 benthic genera were identified. The results of this thesis showed that number of genera correlated with pH gradient but do not correlate with other environmental factors -...
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Batůžek informací o vodním světě - soubor didaktických pomůcek pro učitele se skupinou dětí v zoo
HOĎÁNKOVÁ, Hana
A backpack full of information about a water world a collection of didactical tools for teachers with a group of children in a ZOO is a collection of educational materials and didactic tools that can be used for the work with pupils of primary school under the guidance of a teacher and without the presence of an instructor of a ZOO. It is a set of information and tools (photographs, substances, models etc.), methodical instructions and information for teachers and worksheets for children including solutions for leading groups. The set shows a demonstrative approach of the discussing subjects on expositions of live animals. The author´s field is a tutorship in primary school and that is why the diploma thesis focuses on younger pupils. It is about the superstructure of primary school education. The author sees an advantage in the fact that the program is self-serviced so it can be realized without the presence of an instructor of a ZOO. Pupils are guided by their teacher or a leader of a group who follows a methodical guide of a certain educational program. Pupils are learning about animal species from biological and geographical point of view by playful form directly in a ZOO. A part of the diploma thesis contains concrete didactical tools, map of a ZOO with marked posts, tools to given tasks, worksheets for pupils and methodical guide for a leader of a group.
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"Učitelský balíček" - soubor didaktických pomůcek pro učitele se skupinou dětí v zoo
KUKLOVÁ, Michaela
The work is focused on creating a set of teaching materials on the theme "Birds", which are designed for work groups of pupils aged 8-11 years old elementary school under the guidance of a teacher without the presence of the trainer Zoo Hluboká nad Vltavou. File ("teaching package") will provide information and tools used to help demonstrate the approach of the topics dealt directly with exhibitions focusing on birds, guidance and information for teachers and worksheets for children, including solutions. Individual locations are related with biogeography and apply to the specific environment selected birds groups.
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Ecology of yeasts in forest soils
Mašínová, Tereza ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Marečková, Markéta (referee) ; Kolařík, Miroslav (referee)
Microbial communities inhabiting upper soil horizons represent an important component of forest ecosystems. However, despite the evidence that yeasts represent an integral part of topsoil fungal communities, their role in forest ecosystems received so far little attention. The aims of my PhD thesis were to describe yeast communities in soil and litter of a temperate forest using high- throughput sequencing of environmental DNA, identify dominant yeast species and to explore how the composition of yeast communities reflects the biotic and abiotic factors of the environment. I also aimed to isolate yeasts from forest topsoil, describe novel yeast taxa abundant according to the environmental DNA survey and screen representative isolates for the traits relevant to their involvement in organic matter transformation. I have demonstrated that in forest topsoil, yeasts represent a substantial proportion of fungal communities with higher relative abundance in soil than in litter. In litter, yeast communities differ significantly among beech, oak and spruce-dominated stands. Drivers of community assembly are probably more complex in soils and comprise the effects of soil chemistry and vegetation. Even though there are similarities in the response of the communities of yeasts and filamentous fungi to...
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Evolution and biogeography of flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Alticini)
Damaška, Albert ; Fikáček, Martin (advisor) ; Skuhrovec, Jiří (referee)
Leaf beetles belong to most diverse groups of insects and the biggest diversity inside this group is among flea beetles. This work summarizes existing hypotheses about their relationships with other groups of leaf beetles (especially galerucines) and compares various hypotheses about their phylogenetic position and suprageneric systematics. I also rewiev known fossils of flea beeltes and discuss their systematic position and evolutionary or biogeographic significance. The success of flea beetles is likely caused among others by their specific characters, (e. g. their jumping ability), and also their ability to reach dozens of various strategies and ecological adaptations. I discuss both morphological and ecological specifics of flea beetles and especially, I focus on apparently marginal life strategies - terrestrial and moss inhabitance, because in these ecological niches, an interestingly big diversity of flea beetles is uncovered recently. Moss-inhabiting flea beetles are also a very interesting model for ecological, evolutionary and biogeographical studies, because of their high endemism and low dispersal abilities. I also discuss extant distribution of flea beetles in the work and I concern questions about the origins and dynamics of their distributional ranges. I propose theories on possible...
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Molecular genetic study of the emballonurid bats (Emballonuridae) of the Middle East and adjacent regions
Uvizl, Marek ; Benda, Petr (advisor) ; Vallo, Peter (referee)
The Middle East is occupied by three species of family Emballonuridae which are morfologically divided into several subspecies. Those could be defined only poorly and intraspecific diversity of these species is resolved unsatisfactorily. This is the reason why the molecular genetic analysis, which can revise the diversity on the new unused level, were used in this thesis. Based on data from sequencing of both mitochondrial and nuclear markers the phylogenetic analysis was performed. That analysis adds new information about interspecific and intraspecific relationships among populations of this family in this area. Bats (Chiroptera) of the family Emballonuridae are characterised by tail perforating the uropatagial membrane on its dorsal side in the half of its lenght and by reduction of the phalangi which makes long and narrow wing. The family is widespread circumtropically and is divided into two subfamilies. The subfamily Emballonurinae could be sometimes diveded into two tribes, new-world Diclidurini and old-world Emballonurini. The representatives of the subfamily Taphozoinae occur only in the Old World. Middle East is occupied by three species of this family. Coleura afra inhabits only southern Arabic peninsula and the populations from this area are ranked in subspecies C. a. gallarum....
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Spatial Variability in Pollination Networks
Hadrava, Jiří ; Janšta, Petr (advisor) ; Keil, Petr (referee)
Plant-pollinator interaction assembly can be represented as so called pollination network. Using these networks, assembly of plant-pollinator communities and geographic patterns in pollination networks can be studied. During last years, a great progress in describing patterns in structure of plant-pollinator interaction webs and in describing their spatial variability was made. However, these results are mostly based on data from previous studies, which are not seamlessly comparable due to their nonuniformity. My thesis aims at the methodological concepts of study on pollination networks. Based on meta- analysis of previously published data and on data from four years detailed study of plant-pollination system from one locality, I show several methodological problems caused by dissimilarities in sam- pling method of current pollination-network data. These dissimilarities could be responsible for some observed patterns in the assembly of pollination networks. Thus, I propose a uniform method for observing pollination networks suitable for macroecolo- gical meta-analyses (pollination network samples). I tested this method in the field and I described 49 pollination networks from the central and eastern Europe by using such method. In these ne- tworks, no nonrandom structure character such as...
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