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Role genu \kur{Impl2} v regulaci imunitní odpovědi na bakteriální infekci u \kur{Drosophila melanogaster}
ŠOKČEVIČOVÁ, Helena
The main aim of this thesis is to investigate the role of Impl2 gene in the regulation of immune response to bacterial infection in Drosophila melanogaster. The theoretical part provides a conceptual background concerning immunity in drosophila and also it summarizes what is known about the Impl2 gene. In the practical part, the function of Impl2 gene during infection is examined, starting with the location of its production during immune response, the changes of Impl2 gene amount during infection and its essentiality for a proper immune response. Furthermore, it examines the metabolic changes underlying an immune activation in connection to Impl2 gene. Last but not least, it tests how Impl2 gene is connected with the mobilization of energy during Chill Coma Recovery assay.
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Surface glycoconjugates of Leishmania parasites and their interactions with immune system of vertebrate host
Pacáková, Lenka ; Leštinová, Tereza (advisor) ; Kolářová, Iva (referee)
musí po vstupu do obratlovčího hostitele čelit obranným mechanismům hostitelské imunity a proniknout do cílové buňky - pokračuje. Evoluční strategií leishmanií vyvinutou k přelstění imunitního systému Mezi nejvýznamnější povrchové glykokonjugáty patří membránově vázané proteofosfoglykany a metaloproteáz lním účinkům produktů neutrofilů a zprostředk vazbu na makrofágy. Intracelulárně pak modulují signalizační dráhy, které vedou k produkci cytokinů, směřujících polarizaci imunitní odpovědi ve prospěch Th2. Výsledkem tohoto přesměrování je vyhnutí se účinkům toxického NO, čímž je ustanovena chronicita infekce. Glykokonjugáty jsou zkoumány jako účinná složka chránících obratlovce před nákazou či bránících zpětnému přenosu čímž dalšímu šíření infekce. Klíčová slova: leishmanie, lipofosfoglykan, glykoinositolfosfolipid, proteofosfoglykan, gp63, imunitní odpověď, makrofág
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Ultrastructural interactions of larval bird schistosome Trichobilharzia regenti and immune cells of hosts nervous system
Krčmářová, Veronika ; Bulantová, Jana (advisor) ; Hodová, Iveta (referee)
Trichobilharzia regenti is a neurotropic fluke belonging to family Schistosomatidae. Larvae called schistosomula migrate in the definitive hosts (anseriform birds) throuth the central nervous system (CNS) to their final location in nasal mucosa, where they mature and lay eggs. In contrast with that, the infection of accidental mammalian hosts (including human), is often stopped already in the skin immediately after entering the host. However, some schistosomula are able to reach CNS of experimentally infected mice, and survive there temporarily. Reaction to the CNS infection of mice is usually provided by microglia, astrocytes or the other immune cells infiltrated from the hosts blood. Parasite protects itself against the host reaction with its tegument. It does not serve only as mechanical barrier, but also as main secretoric organ that is capable of active immune evasion. Changes within CNS of the vertebrate hosts, caused by migrating schistosomula of T. regenti, were already described by routine histological and immunohistochemical methods. Till now, there was a lack of informations about interactions of immune cells of the host and the tegument of the parasite on ultrastructural level. To fill this gap in knowledge, two different methods were used: (1) imunohistochemistry in light and electron...
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Immune response to experimental active immunotherapy DCVac/OvCa in patients with ovarian carcinoma in phase II clinical trials.
Ksandrová, Marie ; Sadílková, Lenka (advisor) ; Krulová, Magdaléna (referee)
The immunotherapeutic drug DCVAC/OvCa is being tested in the treatment of ovarian cancer patients within the SOV02 clinical trial (Eudra CT number: 2013-001323-38). Ovarian cancer belongs to gynaecological malignancies with the highest mortality rate. Around 60% of patients are diagnosed at advanced stages. Despite the initial successful treatment, relapses occur in most cases, and the disease often becomes resistant to chemotherapy. Effective therapy for relapsed or metastatic patients is still missing. The solution could be immunotherapeutic treatment. DCVAC is an active cellular immunotherapy based on autologous dendritic cells. The aim of this diploma thesis was monitoring of immune parameters in samples from clinical trial SOV02 patients during the time period defined in the study protocol. We have monitored the presence of antigen specific T lymphocytes, tumor specific antibodies, immunosuppressive populations of regulatory T cells and MDSC cells, and also the expression of inhibitory molecules on the surface of T lymphocytes. We observed higher levels of Her-2, Muc-1 and MAGE-A1 antibodies in the DCVAC/OvCa treated group of patients versus the control group. Significant differences in the other monitored parameters were not observed. However, a large amount of data have been obtained that...
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Cytokines and chemokines, their role in the infections with helminths.
Majer, Martin ; Panská, Lucie (advisor) ; Leštinová, Tereza (referee)
Parasitic helminths belong to extracellular pathogens of mammals, including human. Immunologic response depends on their migration and site of dwelling within host body. The response is among other affected by cytokines and chemokines. These small proteins are responsible for appropriate proliferation and migration of other components of immune system. These bachelor thesis summarizes current knowledge about their role during helminth infection in mammals.
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Genes participating in response to Leishmania major revealed by targeted mutation.
Ezrová, Zuzana ; Lipoldová, Marie (advisor) ; Krulová, Magdaléna (referee)
Leishmania major is an intracellular parasite which often successfully multiplies and disseminates in a body of the host thanks to strategies that help it to escape the components of immune system of the host organism. Thus, the parasites evoke an impairment of regulatory pathways that in physiological conditions lead to an expression of genes involved in a response to L. major and its efficient elimination. Gene targeted deletion, also called gene knock-out, can result in phenotypic alteration and associated enhanced susceptibility or resistance of the host. Although such detected genes do not have to signify their variability in population and hence they may not be responsible for the worsened outcome of leishmaniasis of some people necessarily, studies in which they are analysed and general knowledge being also a subject of this thesis help us together with techniques of forward genetics to reveal the biochemical pathways during the infection and their elements that influence the outcome of the disease and might be useful for researches of new medicine drugs or gene therapy.
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Role slizniční imunity a střevní mikroflóry při vývoji zánětlivých onemocnění
Málková, Jana ; Kverka, Miloslav (advisor) ; Bártová, Jiřina (referee)
Gut microbiota is important for our health and well-being, but when its composition is disrupted, it can induce or perpetuate several chronic inflammatory disorders, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The mechanisms which distinguish protective microbes from the deleterious or indifferent ones are largely unknown. The aim of this thesis was to study the interaction of the immune system with microbes that have different relationships to IBD pathogenesis. Escherichia coli is a predominant aerobic microorganism of the gastrointestinal tract. This species includes microbes implicated in induction of IBD as well as in its therapy. Four E. coli strains with different relations to IBD were selected for our experiments: E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), which has been successfully used in IBD therapy, E. coli strains LF82 and p19A, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD, and E. coli strain K6, which has neither been implicated in pathogenesis nor in protection from this disease. The experiments were performed both with living bacteria and inactivated ones. As the mode of inactivation may change the microbial antigenic structure, we measured how different methods of inactivation, i.e. 1% formaldehyde, exposure to heat or UV irradiation, influence the microbe's immunogenicity. First, we...
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Methods for Leishmania parasite detection and quantificatio as a tool for study of the pathogen-vector-host interactions
Kobets, Tetyana ; Lipoldová, Marie (advisor) ; Kodym, Petr (referee) ; Kopecký, Jan (referee)
Methods for Leishmania parasite detection and quantification as a tool for study of the pathogen-vector-host interactions Leishmaniasis in human is caused by total 21 species of the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania, which are transmitted by about 30 species of phlebotomine sand flies. Besides human, Leishmania can infect a number of vertebrate hosts. The major host cell is the macrophage, in which parasites multiply, eventually rupturing the cell and spreading to uninfected cells. Infected monocytes and macrophages circulating in the peripheral blood are thought to be carriers of the parasite to distal sites. Depending on the infected sites of the body, there are three forms of leishmaniasis: cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral. Leishmaniasis is a disease for which we still lack effective, affordable and easy to use drugs. In addition, surveillance and control are also neglected. This thesis summarizes the results of several projects using different approaches for parasite load measurement in the mouse model of leishmaniasis, including two methods that were developed and optimized in our laboratory. Detection and quantification of pathogens belongs to the major topics of the research of various infectious diseases. This parameter is necessary for confirmation of the diagnosis, characterization...
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