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Role of phenology in differentiation of plant niches: quantitative and comparative approach using a large set of species
Huang, Lin ; Herben, Tomáš (advisor) ; van Kleunen, Mark (referee) ; Dostál, Petr (referee)
Niche differentiation is the most recognized species coexistence mechanism, of which, the temporal differentiation of species, i.e. phenological differentiation has gained an increasing interest of ecologists. However, as an important dimension of phenology, the phenology of growth has drawn relatively few attentions due to the lack of sufficient phenological data. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to examine potential role of temporal differentiation of plant growth patterns in plant coexistence. I first collected data on growth phenology of 381 perennial herbs in the Botanical Garden of Charles University in Prague within one growing season (in 2015). Using this database, I addressed the general patterns of growth phenology among perennial herbs. I distinguished two contrasting growth patterns: (1) species with early peak growth had high standardized growth rates in contrast to late species, reflecting the survival under forest canopy, where species are selected to grow early and fast before the development of tree canopy which restricts their size; (2) tall species showed later peak growth than short species, associating with (asymmetric) competition for light in open habitats, where the main selection factor is for tall stature, which cannot be attained early in the season. Then, by linking...
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Trávy v zahradní a krajinářské architektuře
Přibylová, Eliška
The aim of this monograph was to prepare the text portion of the topic ornamental grasses, outline their origins, to deal with the selected properties of grasses, whether environmental, horticultural or compositional. Furthermore, the search for information concerning reproduction, significance and possible recommendations on the use of grasses. Drafted was both a literary review, and the results of the discussions that are new valuable for practical application. At selected model areas were conducted annual observations in the 14-day interval in 100 selected taxa of ornamental grasses in order to evaluate the properties of selected grasses on which there has been redefined and graphic arts habitual types. Results and discussion therefore engaged a total of five subchapters. The first is the phenology ornamental grasses, as well as evaluation of selected properties of grasses, habitual types of ornamental grasses, compositionally interesting combination of ornamental grasses with other horticultural plant groups and recommendations for the use of ornamental grasses in practice. The author has created a work based on the annual observation of ornamental grasses valuable material, which in this way has not yet been processed. Growth and development phases are highly traceable, based on photographs taken on their own, which is part of taxa cards. At the end, the author generalized conclusions based on the results of chapters and discussion.
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Faktory ovlivňující množství silice izolované z různých taxonů rodu Mentha L. (máta)
Pražák, František
The aim of this thesis was gathering current literature data on factors (internal - the type, stage of development) and (external - soil and climatic conditions for cultivation) that most affect the oil content in the genus Mentha L. On the basis of the results obtained during laboratory analysis of quantitative content of essential oils in plants of the genus Mentha L. taxa planted on an experimental plot of garden-technical faculty in the refrigerator was a hypothesis based harvesting time, the impact of species and cultivars on the essential oil content is confirmed. Further, the predicted calculation that based on the current state of the essential nutri-ents in the soil experimental plot could be the addition of nitrogen fertilizer to increase the amount of green mass, and while maintaining the integrity of the plants, especially leaf area increase the total yield of oil from the cultivated taxa genus Mentha L. The direct impact of climatic conditions on essential oil content was not established due to the very dry summer with little rainfall and dependence on irrigation.
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Plant adaptation to climate change
Koláříková, Veronika ; Münzbergová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Sklenář, Petr (referee)
Climate change represents important selective force for plants. They have to deal with this change otherwise they are facing the risk of extinction. Understanding the mechanism which plants use to avoid the risk is essential for effective conservation of biodiversity. The climate change can exceed the tolerance of plants to abiotic factors. The plants can react to the changes by migration, phenotypic plasticity, evolutionary adaption or by a combination of these strategies. Phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary adaption are manifested by a change of physiology, morphology and/or phenology of plants. This work summarizes the findings of these ecological and evolutionary strategies and also presents methods used for studying species response to climate change. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Climatological and phenological conditions of Tušimice observatory
Hájková, Lenka ; Sládek, Ivan (advisor) ; Láska, Kamil (referee) ; Žalud, Zdeněk (referee)
The thesis is aimed at climatological, agroclimatological and phenological conditions at Tušimice observatory during 45 years of observations (1968-2012) on basis of meteorological and phenological data by using statistical methods, method of cumulative series and geographical information system. Basic climatic elements (air temperature, precipitation total, snow cover, cloudiness, wind, humidity, sunshine duration, fog and thunderstorm), agroclimatic characteristics according to the WMO recommendation, selected phenological phases (mainly beginning of flowering 10 %) of herb and wooden species were processed in the study. The literature overview was made on climatic and phenological conditions at Tušimice station, in the Czech Republic and other countries. Apart from statistical analysis, the elements were also evaluated in the interaction with the changing air circulation in Central Europe. In addition, results were compared to Quitt's classification based on long-term averages of meteorological data (1961-1990 versus 1981-2010). The drought occurrence was evaluated in 45 years of observations period. The thesis is divided into three main parts - Climatic conditions of Tušimice observatory (part 5.1), Agroclimatic conditions of Tušimice observatory (part 5.2) and Phenological conditions of...
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The Valley's Topoclimate and Its Influence on the Vegetation
Kuželová, Hana ; Sládek, Ivan (advisor) ; Klabzuba, Jiří (referee)
The Valley's Topoclimate and Its Influence on The Vegetation Abstract The thesis as presented deals with specific valley's topoclimate of a chosen example of one particular valley located near the city Jílové u Prahy. The main objective of the thesis which has been defined is to evaluate the topoclimate of the determined area and its influence on the phytogeographical and phenological situation of the valley. The outdoor temperature measurements carried out by using Assmann's psychrometer as well as the observations of the plant's phenological state have been taken in the course of repeated expeditions into the valley in 2011 and 2012. The formations of night valley's inversions have been confirmed. The temperature gradient of 6 řC and three and half an hour long inversion following the sunrise have been recorded as a result of the measurement performed on 28th April 2012. As a consequence of the valley's parts shading the temperature differences have been proven. As a referential meteorological station the faculty's own station situated on the peak of Pecný hill and the automated personal weather station in Okrouhlo were used. The lower temperatures in the valley have a clear impact on the commencement of the plant's phenological stages. A detailed phenological scale was created in order to observe...
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The influence of the temperature on the phenology of tomato
Kolaříková, Dagmar ; Türkott, Luboš (advisor) ; Brigita, Brigita (referee)
This dissertation discusses the impact of temperature on the phenology of tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum). The aim of this work is to offer a complete overview of tomato growing in temperate zone conditions, describe the phenology of the plant, and define the physiological demands regarding temperature in each phase of the plants growth. Then, use this information during field experiment and analyse the dynamics of initiation of each phenological phase in relation to temperature. Tomato plant is a fruit vegetable, even though in some countries, it is classified rather as a fruit. It is a thermophilic perennial plant which due to its specific temperature requirements is grown as annual plant in temperate regions. Many varieties are classified as so-called F1 hybrids, in which the hybrid effect is profitable particularly due to earlier and higher yields and better resistance to diseases. Phenology studies the rate of plant growth in each development stage (so-called phenological phases) in relation to weather and climate. The development of tomato plant goes through the following phenological phases: germination, leaf development, formation of side shoots, inflorescence emergence, flowering, development of fruit, ripening of fruit (seed), and senescence; and these phases each have specific temperature requirements.
The experiment itself was undertaken at two field locations: in Prague 6 Suchdol and in Mochov. The plants used in the experiment were LSL hybrid varieties of Palava F1 tomato and Thomas F1 tomato, which were treated in a standard way throughout all stages of vegetation. During the vegetation period, their growth characteristics such as specific phases of growth and their representation in the planted area were determined. The amount of dry biomass and the leaf area index (LAI) of selected specimens were examined. The results were analysed and put into graphs and tables.
After analysis of all acquired data, it was confirmed that tomato plant has specific environmental requirements in each phase of growth. These requirements then also vary depending on the plant variety. In general, it can be said that from all climatic factors, tomato is most sensitive to air temperature. Air temperature outside the planted area was higher than air temperature within the planted area. In the case of both varieties, phases of growth stagnated especially when temperature changed dramatically, reaching over the tropical 30°C or decreasing significantly. At the course of vegetation, the LAI value grew but during the heatwave and subsequent temperature drop, the leaf area was damaged and the LAI decreased at both locations. Each variety reacted differently depending on its adaptability to higher temperatures.
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Beginning and duration of flowering period in selected arable weed species
Trefil, Daniel ; Holec, Josef (advisor) ; Václav, Václav (referee)
Arable weeds are usually perceived as harmfull organisms in crops. On the other hand, the weeds provide a stable source of food for insects and other invertabrates that feed on pollen and nectar. Majority of crops are not able to provide long-term food component for invertebrates because their flowering is synchronized. Arable weeds flower continously throughout the growing season. There is possible to find many flowering species for the whole year.
The main aim of the study was to determine the onset and duration time of flowering period for selected arable weed species. The observation was conducted at the Demonstration and experimental field of Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources neighbouring areas as well as demonstration plots with rare weed species that do not occur in fields naturally. Inventory of flowering species was performed weakly from 9th calendar week (after frost period) and finished at 48th calendar week. There were found and evaluated 160 plant species of which 67 were the rare species from demonstration plots.
First flowering weeds were photoperiodically neutral species, mainly from the group of winter annual weeds followed by ephemeral annual weeds. Among others, the late-flowering species were particulary from the group of summer annual weeds, but also some from perennial species.
During the first week of observation, 11 flowering species were found. The number gradually increased up to a maximum of 118 flowering species in the 27th calendar week; then the number of flowering plant species naturally decreased. Newly flowering species were being found until 36th calendar week. Weed differed significantly in onset of the flowering acording to perenniality, in most cases. Length of flowering period in individual species was in relation to particular families.
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Monitoring of the flowering time of selected arable weed species
Suran, Pavel ; Holec, Josef (advisor) ; Kolářová, Michaela (referee)
Flowers have an irreplaceable role in a sexual reproduction of plants. Flowers also offer the nutrients to high ammount of the insect species, both pollinators and parasitoid imagos. These insect species are depending on a beginning and a lenght of the plant flowering period and some are depending as well on a plant species diversity. Therefor it is important to monitor a flowering time of individual weed species.
The phase of the plant flowering is started, as well as by other things, by a certain temperature and a humidity. Some species might require a different value of these parameters. The beginning and the lenght of the weed flowering should correlate with a development of the temperature and the humidity during the observation period. This monitoring period was the year of 2015 and observed area was the Demontrational and experimentational land of the Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources of the Czech University of Life Science in Prague. During the observation period, the plant flowering times of the individual weed species were recorded on a weekly basis. In this study, the beginning and the end of the plant flowering time were evaluated for every weed species, that were observed on the observed area. Several of the observed species registered a pause in the flowering time, this pause was also evaluated. It was found out, that most of the species, that start flowering in the spring, started flowering roughly one or two months earlier. The plants capable of flowering during a moderate freezes flowered untill the very late autumn or even during november. The plant species, that start thein flowering in the summer were not affected by an increase in the temperature of the first months, but they were affected by the very high summer temperatures and these species stopped flowering and they either never flowered again, or they started flowring, once the temperature dropped.
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Parametrizace a validace růstového modelu pro řepku ozimou
Vrána, David
This diploma thesis is focused on winter rape growth and development modeling by DSSAT software. The date of flowering, date of maturity, yields, above ground biomass dynamics and LAI dynamics were used for parameterization and consequent validation of the selected model. The data from field trials conducted by Central Institute for Supervising and Testing in Agriculture (ÚKZÚZ) within Lednice station (period from 1999 to 2006) and Domanínek station (period from 1999 to 2011) were used for simulations. Moreover data from field trials conducted by Mendel University in Brno within Domanínek station (period from 2012 to 2014) were used for winter rape modeling. This experiment consisted of eight variants with different sowing dates, nitrogen fertilization amounts and two cultivars. The dataset for DSSAT model testing was prepared based on above mentioned experiments. Despite the first attempt to simulate winter rape growth and development in Central Europe by DSSAT model, interesting results were achieved. Although some deviations between observed and simulated parameters appeared, the model was able to mimic characteristic crop growth dynamics. One of the main shortcomings is that model is not able to simulate necrosis of leaves within winter period. On the other hand, the model was able to reproduce the effect of different climatic conditions within included locations (i.e. later onset of observed phenophases within cooler station with higher elevation etc.) and the parameters were estimated with higher accuracy at Domanínek station.
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