|
|
Trace elements and Pb isotopes in selected bone samples
Bartoš, Jan ; Mihaljevič, Martin (advisor) ; Strnad, Ladislav (referee)
The aim of this work is briefly summarize the current theoretical knowledge about trace elements and their inputs into calcified body tissues in a form of search. Here are described mechanisms of their inputs and depositing into human body and principles, which allows maintenance of their optimal levels. In this paper are also described the properties of bones and teeth and simply explained concepts such as an essential and toxic trace elements. The next part of this work is mainly about trace elements, which have the biggest potential to be used in an archeological research, particularly in paleodietary research. These elements are mainly Sr, Ba and Zn. Lead and its isotopes are discussed more here in relation to the effect of Pb to Romans in the past and to the identifying sources of pollution by this element. In the same chapter are also described principles of post-mortem alteration processes, to which are bones after burial exposed and which they have to face during analyzing and interpretations of data related to the amount of trace elements in origin bones.
|
|
|
Ancient-DNA analysis of teeth and skeletal remains with utilization of miniSTR loci.
Kvítková, Dana ; Brouček, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Dobisíková, Miluše (referee)
During the last twenty years, immense progress occurred in the area of analysis of DNA extracted from historical material. Considering the common level of preservation of tissue material, this analysis is usually executed on samples procured from bones and teeth. The analysis of soft mummified tissue is possible only in rare cases. Limiting factor of these analyses is a high degree of degradation and small amount of DNA extractable from this kind of material. First researches concentrated only on short sections of mainly mitochondrial DNA. Today, the analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of both contemporary and extinct organisms was made possible. In case of analyses conducted on human remains, sections of nuclear DNA are far more valuable, because they can reveal information including not only subject's sex, but also possible kinship between subjects found e.g. in the same grave. Fundamental component of the whole analysis is the process of extracting DNA from cells. Probably every laboratory working with historical DNA uses a differently modified extract protocol. The main requirement for methods of extraction is to secure enough DNA with such a level of purity that would allow its use for following steps of the analysis. Taking in consideration high fragmentation of DNA, it is necessary...
|
|
|
Special radiographic projections in orthopedics
COUFALOVÁ, Hana
The main topic of this thesis are special projections used in orthopedics. Radiology nowadays plays an important role in any field of medicine and helps with medical diagnostic or directly with treatment. Nevertheless, these methods are mostly used for diagnostics and classification of type and degree of injury or disease. For most common examinations are used standard, classic projections, which are described in literature on RTG projections. However, in some cases comes requests for non-standard projections from orthopedist. These projections are not so commonly known and most radiological assistants are usually not familiar with them. The theoretical part of the thesis summarizes general overview in orthopedics, bones anatomy and radiodiagnostics. The main objective of work presented in the thesis was to gain information from specialized RDG locations on projections conducted for the use of orthopedists with help of interview and practical demonstrations. The collected information was to be used to create a brief manual of the used projections, which would be available for the radiology assistants at the other RDG locations. Inputs were collected from these organizations: University Hospital in Motol, University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Hospital Na Bulovce and Health center Mazurská. The set objectives have been achieved; the manual is presented in the results' section. The listed projections are mostly special projections conducted on demand for orthopedists. Each organization has naturally different standards and a procedure of each projection may slightly differ from place to place. Also the system of projection's designation may vary. From the list are excluded projections demanding special tools, devices or instruments and/or special technical setting or parameters; projections used rarely; and held projections (with assistance of orthopedist).The reasoning for the exclusion is a fact, that the manual is intended for RDG locations conducting the most standard projections and the special types are used only seldom. There were formulated further research questions, whether special orthopedic projections vary and whether is it possible to specify and summarize them into a form of a handbook. Another question was whether RDG assistants are familiar with these projections. The answer was positive yes, these projections can be processed as an educational material. And the knowledge of the RDG assistants about these projections depends on the length and extent of their practice and experience from the practical education at university and also on the extent of projections provided on the daily basis. The main benefit of the thesis was drawing up the manual overview of particular projections used in orthopedics including descriptions and figures, so that every radiological assistant can use it to perform these projections.
|
|
|
Bones implants based on Fe and Mg
Košíček, Adam ; Zatloukal, Miroslav (referee) ; Sedlaříková, Marie (advisor)
This paper work deals with properties of metallic biomaterials in terms of their suitability for use as a temporary metal implants. The work focuses on biodegradable materials based on iron and suitable alloying elements, which would create a perfect implant. A part of this work describes procedure of creating biodegradable metallic samples with alloying element Magnesium and measuring the corrosion rates. There are a few theoretical chapters concerning permanent implants, function and composition of human bones, iron and magnesium in human body and biodegradable materials.
|
|
|
Animation of 3D Character in Computer Graphics
Pečenka, Michal ; Štancl, Vít (referee) ; Přibyl, Jaroslav (advisor)
The main goal of this project was to familiarize readers with the techniques used in real-time animation of 3D characters. This work is focused on two types of animation: keyframe animation and skeletal animation. There are described algorithms for software and hardware accelerated model deformations, keyframe interpolations, animation blending, inverse kinematics and ragdoll. The result of this project is a framework, which consists of an animation library, examples demonstrating library functions and tools for export animations from 3D Studio Max and MilkShape 3D.
|
|
| |
|
|
Reliefs
Horčicová, Monika ; Sedlák, Jan (referee) ; Gabriel, Michal (advisor)
This master´s thesis consists of three relief objects composed from femur bones. The first relief object is geodetic structure applied to the shape of a sphere. The following two are deformed by softening the material from which they are cast. The second relief object also works with geometry (a square at the base) and systematic folding bones according to a clear order. The third relief can directly interfere with the viewer - the individual femurs contain every two magnets and therefore can move freely with them after the metal plate.
|
|
|
Bone traumatology
DOLEŽALOVÁ, Barbora
The subject of the bachelor?s work is ?Bone traumatology?, which is in health institutions of the Czech Republic classified forefront in diagnostics thanks to skiagraphy. In nowadays medicine new technologies are used permanently. Dealed with conventional radiology, its the biggest expansion came in the beginning of 20 century, when some new radiation X (X-ray radiation) was discovered. Just thanks to this discovery the new era of permanently developing new methods for diagnostics started. The theoretical part of the work is concerned with anatomy of a bone together with traumatology. Next there is a part dedicated to some basic facts about X-ray radiation. In this work is also described skiagraphy, in which I deal more with the matters of film material and digital radiology. In hospitals and in majority of workplaces we meet more and more digitalisation of a system and a transition from film materials to various detectors (an image intensifier, semiconductor detectors, photostimulable phosphor plate etc.,). The aim of the work is to analyse a quotient of skiagraphy of bone traumatology in particular age groups. The hypotheses of this bachelor?s work were defined this way: in radiodiagnostic wards predominates skiagraphy of an axial skeleton over other radiographic diagnostics (soft tissues- lungs, a heart, an abdomen). The most numerous group of examined people are children at the age to 15. The practical part of the work provides information dealed mainly with numbers of radiographic exeminations performed in the X-ray workplace in Týn nad Vltavou from 2009 to 2011. These examinations were concerned with bones, but also soft tissues (a heart, lungs, an abdomen). The data were found out from operative diaries and computer systems. In this work there were compared patients of particular age groups: - in the number of radiographic examinations in an observed period (2009-2011) - in the number of radiographicly, examined particular zones of a human body (a hearth+lungs, a spine, an upper limb, a lower limb, a skull, ribs+a breastbone and an abdomen). Further data which was obtained from the internet portal of Institute of health information and statistics of the Czech Republic (ÚZIS ČR) were worked up. Examinations were tested through the use of imaging technologies in the Czech Rebublic and Southern Bohemia and a number of radiographic examined particular zones of a human body (a breast,a lower limb, an upper limb, a spine, bone radiology and an abdomen) in Southern Bohemia from 2009 to 2011. All the obtained data I worked up into particular graphs which are found in the chapter ?Quantitative research?. In the chapter ?Discussion? particular graphs are described and are complemented with my personal hypothesis and opinions of a radiology asistent from X-ray workplace in Týn nad Vltavou. The results of the work prove that the aim of the work was realised. Defined hypothesis no.1: in radiological workplaces skiagraphy of an axial skeleton prevails over the other radiographic diagnosis (soft tissues- a heart, lungs, an abdomen) was confirmed, however hypothesis no.2: the most numerous group of examined are children to the age of 15 was not succesful to confirm. In the chapter ?Conclusion? I summarised the results of the work, which will help as a supplemental statistical material with a more detailed structure in X-ray workplace in Týn nad Vltavou. The theoretical part of the work can be used as a tutorial material not only in the subject of the radiological assistant.
|
|
|
Human nutrition like part of prevention in osteoporosis and osteomalacia
BRABCOVÁ, Markéta
The purpose of this baccalaureate work is to study deseases related to osteoporosis and osteomalacia. It describes the composition of the bones, historical occurrence of osteoporosis, the characteristics of the osteoporosis and osteomalacia, as well as the differences between these osseous diseases. Furthermore, the present work focuses on the prevention of osteoporosis from the nutrition point of view. It analyses the influence of mineral substances, vitamins and hormons on the formation of bones. Osteoporosis is an old disease. Women suffering from osteoporosis can be seen already on some Chinese and Greek paintings. Premature osteoporosis has been noticed also in skeletal residues of young women steming from the 3rd - 5th centuries A.D. In such young women, the osteoporosis was due to consumption of bread containing a higher portion of phytate which bonds calcium. Within the whole group of osseous metabolic osteopathias, the osteomalacia is the least frequent one. It can be found also in developing countries like India and Pakistan, but also in Muslim minorities living in the United Kingdom. It originates in the shortage of vitamin D. The purpose of this work was to find out to which extent the human nutrition influences bone diseases. A bone is never a finished product, it is subject to a continuous process of creation and destruction. Osteoporosis is a result . In aging individuals, the destruction of bones predominates over the creation of new ones, the total osseous substance decreases as such and there is an excessive decrease in all bone components - minerals, especially in calcium. This is why calcium reserves in bones are so important. The level of sexual hormons as well can cause an accelerated decrease in osseous substance. We refer here to the so-called menopausal osteoporosis which occurs in women. In men, it occurs at a later age and has a milder course. Osteomalacia is originated by a malfunction of the mineralisation of bones. There is a sufficient quantity of osseous substance, however, what is missing are minerals. A good mineralisation of bones requires enough vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and trace elements boron and fluorine. Osteoporosis and osteomalacia are, in the last years, an increasingly serious problem in the developed countries, as a consequence of the increasing life expectancy. The treatment of osteoporosis and osteomalacia is very expensive, and this is why so much emphasis is placed in their prevention. Prevention measures should be commenced as soon as possible, because lack of calcium in the infant food and in the nutrition of young people causes health problems and is the inception stage of osteoporosis. The most important preventive measure is a sufficient supply of calcium and vitamin D. Other measures are physical training and exercises, staying in the sun, a sufficient supply of minerals - magnesium, phosphorus, fluorine and vitamins, especially vitamins C, K and B12 from the daily food. A negative effect on the bones is caused by excessive consumption of proteins and caffeine, which leads to calciuria. A nutrition rich in fruits and vegetables increases the alkalinity of the environment, which reduces the calciuria.
|
|
|
The conventional imaging techniques in radiology with a view to the musculosceletar system (the educational program)
NEUMANN, Petr
This paper provides information on the role of an X-ray technician in conventional imaging techniques in musculoskeletal system affections. An X-ray technician is expected to provide imaging of the demanded part of human body at least on the level of diagnostic acceptability while all principles of radiation protection, ethic rules, and the rights of a patient are respected. The first part of the paper describes the formation and creation of an X-ray image, it provides a short history and describes the X-ray equipment needed to provide a quality imaging of musculoskeletal system. In the next part the description of imaging techniques is given in dependance on the demand of the indicating physician and also of the folowing medical treatment when, in many cases, the assistence of an X-ray technician is necessary. Better training and information of the the X-ray technician result in higher quality care for patients, in better communication between the personnel and the patients and it may also result in decrease of radiation charge of patients while a high quality of imaging is preserved. In the conlusion of the paper mistakes in imaging are shown that arose from poor communication between the physician and the X-ray technician, ignorance of the therapeutic procedure by the X-ray technician respectively. The false X-ray images are taken from a file of patients who were treated in the radiodiagnostic department of Oblastní nemocnice Kolín, a.s. in the period from 1st January 2007 to 30th June 2007. They were diagnosed with hip joint affection or affection of proximal part of femur.
|
guest ::
