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Analysis of TRAIL-induced apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells
Klener, Pavel ; Nečas, Emanuel (advisor) ; Herget, Jan (referee) ; Trka, Jan (referee)
Advanced tumors, including leukemia, represent heterogeneous cell populations evolved from original malignant clones. Chemotherapy of leukemia is often associated with selection of drug-resistant cells followed by progression/relapse of the disease. Implementation of molecules that specifically target leukemia cells with minimal toxicity to normal tissues might significantly improve outcome of leukemia treatment. TRAIL belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand family of cytokines. TRAIL triggers apoptosis in target cells via the receptor-mediated apoptotic pathway. Receptors for TRAIL can be divided into death receptors, TRAILR1/ DR4 , TRAIL-R2/DR5, and decoy receptors, TRAIL-R3/DcR1, TRAIL-R4/DcR2, osteoprotegerin/OPG/TRAIL-R5, based on their ability to transduce apoptotic signal. While normal tissues, including hematopoietic progenitor cells, are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, TRAIL induces programmed death in many tumor cell lines and primary cells. Various malignant cell lines and primary tumor cells, however, show resistance to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. TRAIL-resistance could represent important limitation for the potential TRAIL anti-tumor therapy. Combined in vitro application of TRAIL with other anti-cancer agents often increased sensitivity or overcame resistance of the tumor cells to...
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Toxic effect of fluorescence pigment on zebra fish (Danio rerio)
Poštulková, E. ; Mareš, J. ; Halačka, Karel ; Kopp, R.
The aim of the study was to determine the toxic effects of organic pigments Alizarin Red S and Alizarin Complexone on zebra fish (Danio rerio). For short-term acute toxicity tests on zebra fish concentration of 150; 300 and 600 mg/L were chosen for both dyes. Toxic effect of dyes was observed even in the variant with 10 g/L of sodium chloride. Addition of sodium chloride increases the deposition of dyes in the bone structures of the fish. LC50 values were analyzed graphically by using probit analysis. There was no mortality during the acute toxicity test with Alizarin Red S even at the highest concentration. Toxicity value (72hLC50) for zebra fish with a combination of Alizarin Red S + 10 g/L of sodium chloride is 546.42 mg/L. Mortality for Alizarin Complexone was 100% in 24 hours at\nconcentrations of 300 and 600 mg/L, with concentrations of 150 mg/L there was no mortality. In Alizarin Complexone supplemented with 10 g/L of sodium chloride was 100% mortality at all\nconcentrations up to 72 hours.
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Toxicity of nanomaterials to aquatic crustaceans
Novotná, Kateřina ; Kočí, Vladimír (advisor) ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (referee)
Nowadays, nanomaterials are broadly used for many purposes thanks to their unique properties. The production of nanoscale materials is growing rapidly. Consequently, it means a high probability of their release into the environment and there are concerns about their possible negative effects on organisms. Furthermore, the behaviour of nanomaterials might be strongly influenced by many factors and there are many different types of them, so there is still a big information gap in this field. The aim of this work is to summarize basic facts about nanomaterials and their possible toxicity, especially to the fresh-water crustacean Daphnia magna. An impact of nanoscale zero-valent iron particles is tested on this species. This material is used for remediation so it is injected directly into the environment. Concentrations of 0,1 g·l-1 , 0,5 g·l-1 , 1 g·l-1 and 2,5 g·l-1 of two products with different surface modifications were tested. It was found that the toxicity depends on the type of stabilization. EC50 was not established for NANOFER 25S (with a special surface modification) due to the maximum immobilization rate of only 30 % for the concentrations tested. However, the EC50 value for NANOFER 25 (without the special surface modification) is 0,94 g·l-1 . These results confirm that it is necessary to...
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Electrospinning of Modified Biopolymers for Medical Applications
Pavliňáková, Veronika ; Martinová,, Lenka (referee) ; Zajíčková, Lenka (referee) ; Vojtová, Lucy (advisor)
Předkládaná disertační práce se zabývá přípravou a charakterizací nových biokompatibilních nanovláken s potenciální aplikací v medicíně. V této práci byl výběr jednotlivých složek pro přípravu nanovlákenného materiálu zvolen tak, aby vyhovoval nárokům tkáňového inženýrství. Literární rešerše shrnuje poznatky o elektrostatickém zvlákňování a o jeho parametrech. Dále se věnuje možnostem elektrostatického zvlákňování proteinů kolagenu a želatiny a jejich směsmi se syntetickými polymery a biopolymery a anorganickými plnivy. Teoretická část řeší také různé postupy síťování nanovláken vedoucí ke zlepšení jejich hydrolytické stability a mechanických vlastností. Poslední část je zaměřena na anorganické nanotrubky halloysitu (HNT), které získaly svou pozornost díky svým vynikajícím fyzikálním a biologickým vlastnostem. V experimentální části byly zpracovány dvě případové studie, z nichž každá se zabývá přípravou nanovlákenných biomateriálů s potenciální aplikací v medicíně. První studie je zaměřena na přípravu a charakterizaci nových hydrolyticky stabilních antibakteriálních želatinových nanovláken modifikovaných pomocí oxidované celulózy. Unikátní inhibiční účinky nanovláken byly testovány na kmenu bakterie Escherichia coli pomocí metody chemické bioluminiscence. Kultivované buňky lidského papilárního adenokacinomu plic prokázaly dobrou adhezi a proliferaci k povrchu nanovláken. Druhá část popisuje vliv zdroje a množství anorganických halloysitových nanotrubek na strukturu a vlastnosti amfifilních nanovláken ze směsi želatiny a syntetického polykaprolaktonu. Přídavek HNT zlepšil tepelnou stabilitu, mechanické vlastnosti (jak tuhost, tak prodloužení) a snížil krystalinitu nanovláken. HNT z různých zdrojů neměl vliv na chování buněk, ale mírně ovlivnil proliferaci a životaschopnost buněk na povrchu nanovláken.
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Ecotoxicological screening of antibiotic Augmentin 625® mg
Psohlavcová, Zuzana ; Karlíčková, Jana (referee) ; Jahodář, Luděk (advisor)
Psohlavcová Zuzana, Ecotoxicological screening of the antibiotic Augmentin® 625 mg, rigorous thesis Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology In the years 2005 - 2008 amoxicillin accounted 17% of all consumed antibacterial drugs used in systematic therapy. Usage of this antibiotic has not been reduced over the years and therefore the ecosystems are permanently contaminated. To evaluate the ecotoxicological effect of amoxicillin I used Algaltoxkit (ie. 72hour growth inhibition test of the green algae Selenastrum capricornutum) and Rapidtoxkit (rapid screening test for the crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus). Next I used a 48hour test of acute toxicity with the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. I tested these organisms in concentrations ranging from 12,5 - 0,044 g/l of the active substance. Green algae reacted with the drug strongly toxic, while the standard from a concentration of 2.83 g/l. For T. platyurus were 30% inhibition of particle uptake for amoxicillin 3,28 g/l and test medicine 1,56 g/l. Ciliate reacted in tests with both substances strongly toxic. The drug Augmentin® 625 mg has been shown more toxic than the standard. Key words: ecotoxicity, Augmentin® 625 mg, amoxicillin, Tetrahymena pyriformis, Selenastrum...
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Waste water toxicity.
Urminská, Barbora ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
The theoretical thesis is focused on evaluation of toxicity of wastewaters and effluents and also on specification of legislative requirements related to the subject. As the negative effects of effluents on receiving water do not always depend on presence and concentrations of toxic chemicals contained in the effluent, analyses of physical and chemical parameters only is not sufficient and does not provide adequate results. The aim of the thesis is to show the importance of using ecotoxicological biotests as a necessary part of whole effluent toxicity assessment and to describe approaches to this testing in the European Union countries.
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Ecotoxicological study of the select drug
Střílková, Dagmar ; Vytlačilová, Jitka (referee) ; Vytlačilová, Jitka (advisor)
Dagmar Střílková, Ecotoxicologial study of the select drug, diploma work Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology Ibuprofen, the effective substance of drug IBALGIN® 400 mg, belongs to widely used nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. It is primary used to treat most of the inflammatory illnesses. The renal excreting is the most important way of the final elimination. Ibuprofen can get into surface, ground and drinking water. Because of the interpretation of the result for impact on enviroment, the acute toxicity of this pharmaceutical was evaluated on organism of all the trophic levels. The green alga S capricornutum was chosen like the representative of the procedurs, which is used in 72 hour growth inhibition test ALGALTOXKIT F. Crustacean T platyurus of the series of the consumers was used in 2 next tests. The mortality of the larva of this crustacean is found out by means of 24 hour test THAMNOTOXKIT F. RAPIDTOXKIT evaluates the inhibition of the food receiving by the crustacean. 2 tests were done on the representative of the decomposer, T pyriformis. PROTOXKIT F evaluates the growth inhibition of this ciliate. MTT bioassay is based on the reduction of tetrazolium salt (MTT) by the mitochondrial dehydrogenace of viable cells in formazan....
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Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in wood treated with creosote oil
Fabiánová, Tereza ; Cajthaml, Tomáš (advisor) ; Gabriel, Jiří (referee)
Wood contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) represent a serious environmental risk. Composting seems to be an effective method for decontamination of such waste material. PAHs are degraded mainly under aerobic conditions the efficiency of composting could be strongly affected by the process conditions. This work is aimed at the comparison of PAH removal by a 340-days-long composting in laboratory scale composting pilots and a 240-days-long process in a pilot scale. To set up composting piles a "green substrate" commercially used for button-mushroom production and a grass substrate were used. The use of the grass substrate led to a higher PAHs removal (97% of the initial sum of PAHs) in comparison to the green substrate (81% of the initial sum of PAHs). Further, the effect of the size of wood particles on the PAHs removal efficiency was demonstrated. Analysis of phospholipid fatty acids showed an enhanced growth of gramm-negative bacteria and fungi during the composting processes. During the degradation process the enzyme activity of laccase was detected. The ecotoxicological test using a bioluminescent bacteria Vibrio fischeri and a seed germination test using seeds of Hordeum vulgare L. showed that probably no toxic products were formed during the PAHs degradation in these experiments.
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Possibilities of chemical decontamination procedures for degradation of toxic organic compounds in groundwater
Lipšová, Hana ; Datel, Josef (advisor) ; Kozubek, Petr (referee)
This diploma work represents a part of the project "Reactive Chemical Barrier for Decontamination of Highly Polluted Groundwaters" (RECHEBA) that is focused on the complex research and practical realization of in-situ reactive barriers. Search and choise of suitable localities as well as applying of the novel photochemical method, developed originally for disinfection and cleaning of bath water, to toxic underground waters for the environmental remediation. Based on hydrogeological conditions and chemical contaminations, four suitable localities have been proposed for application of the permeable reactive barriers. As the most appropriate place, an industrial area in the North Moravia near Ostrava was chosen located on terraces of the river Odra. From the hydrogeological point of view, it represents a highly permeable collector. This area in mainly contaminated by aromatic hydrocarbons and other organic compounds as well as inorganic waste substances, mostly sulfate and ammonium ions. Applicability of the novel photochemical method for remediation of contaminated groundwaters was tested. It is based on the direct photolysis of hydrogen peroxide upon intensive ultraviolet irradiation yielding hydroxyl radicals. They subsequently attack present organic molecules, including microbial structures, inducing thus...
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