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Specialist public awareness of the tuberculosis vaccination
Ročková, Marcela ; Konečná, Klára (advisor) ; Rathouská, Jana (referee)
Discussions about vaccination against tuberculosis with BCG vaccine have been led for many years. The BCG vaccination belongs among the most controversial vaccinations at all, because the vaccine isn't very effective and its' application is also accompanied by a high incidence of complications. All these facts, with regard to the fact that the incidence of TBC in the Czech Republic is one of the lowest in Europe, have led to revaluation of the meaning about this vaccination and inicially it resulted in cancellation of revaccination for children of two and eleven years of age and afterwards in complete vaccination abolishment for children and newborns. The goal of this work was a finding, which attitudes towards vaccination against tuberculosis doctors advocate. I achieved this through the method using the questionnaire study on this topic. 489 respondents answered six simple questions focused on the issue of the BCG vaccination. Many results were surprising. 39 doctors didn't know, that the complete vaccination for children and newborns was abolished and 257 doctors disagreed with this decision. 296 doctors considered the declining incidence of tuberculosis as a reason, why the complete vaccination was cancelled. 476 doctors had a meaning, that it is necessary to continue with vaccination of...
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Tuberculosis
Ročková, Marcela ; Křivčíková, Lucie (advisor) ; Lesná, Jiřina (referee)
Tuberculosis is a serious infectious disease that affects mainly the lungs but it can also affect any other organ. All the cases of tuberculosis are caused by bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex including M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, M. bovis BCG and M. africanum. Mycobacteria are strictly aerobe and highly resistant bacteria, which, due to the long generation time of very slow growth, are difficult to diagnose. Their source is only the person with tuberculosis, rarely an infected animal. Tuberculosis is a long-term illness. Frequently the mycobacterial infection becomes chronic or latent, posing a risk of reactivation throughout life. Vaccination used to be a preventive measure against tuberculosis for several years, but nowadays, it's aimed only at risky patients. Treatment of tuberculosis consists of a combination of several different antitubercular medicines. Incidence of tuberculosis is steadily decreasing, especially in the developed countries. In developing countries, however, the incidence of this disease is still considerable, so there remains a serious health problem. Key words: tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, TBC, BCG- vaccination.
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The diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis
CHALOUPKOVÁ, Lenka
Even in 21st century tuberculosis (TBC) pose a significant medical and social problem. Open borders intensified migrations, expansin of AIDS pandemic and related increase of patients with reduced immunity are all reasons why tubercuosis still remains one of the main causes of death all over the world. The disease originator is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an acidoresistent bacteria that is able to survive in a human organism for a lot of years. Symptoms of the disease are not characteristic, that is why the correct diagnosis is essential to reveal the new cases of the disease. One of the standards to stay is bacteriological examination based on microscopic examination and cultivation of the material. Also rapid molecular genetic techniques and methods based on the immune response are availabe. This work uses data gaied from Plicní léčebna Nemocnice České Budějovice, a.s. (Pulmonary Department of Hospital in České Budějovice) for the period of 2008-2016, as well as data gained from Pracoviště imunologie (Immunolgy Department) in Nemocnice České Budějovice, a.s. The goal of the work was to create a statistical overview of patients with confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis according to age and gender for the period of 2008-2016 . Next it aims at comparison of tuberculin skin test and quantiferon test in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis for the period of 2008 - 2016. Implementation and evaluation of the quantiferon test in patients in 2016 are the end of my work. The methodology was mainly based on gathering the necessary data and their evaluation. Results show that pulmonary tuberculosis was confirmed in 81 patients in relation to data obtained from the Pulmonary Department. Of that 75% were male and only 25% female. For both sexes, the occurrence of tuberculosis was on record in all age categories. In men most often at the age of 31-50 and 51-70. Tuberculin skin test (PPD) and quantiferon (QF) test were also accomplished in 62% of patients. Only in 7% patients none of the tests was done. When the two tests were compared, both PPD and QF tests were positive in 64%. Also the results show that the quantiferon test is more sensitive than the tuberculin skin test. The quantiferon test was evaluated separately for the positive and negative results, positive result was compared with bacteriological examination. Next the QF test was evaluated from the point of view of gender, age, diagnosis and engaged department. A relatively signifcant finding was that even though the QF test is more sensitive, for more than a third of patients with the positive QF test result, mycobacterial identification was not required at all. Compared to bacteriology examination TB was cofirmed in 14% of patients. Despite the fact that the Czech Republic ranks among the countries with a low incidence of tuberculosis, this fact can not be underestimated. The public's feeling that there is no need to worry about this illness has also been supported by the approval of the cancellation of flat vaccinations, effective from 1. 11. 2010. Also, a number of physicians are no longer taking this disease into account while making diagnosis. However, education of lay public is essential above all in this issue.
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Construction of the image of tuberculosis and its impact on disease management
Bičíková, Kateřina ; Čada, Karel (advisor) ; Kotík, Michal (referee)
Tuberculosis is a disease accompanied by a number of negative emotional connotations, which make it difficult for the patient to deal with the illness. With the help of a qualitative media analysis and in-depth interviews with patients we found that a person ill with tuberculosis today in the Czech Republic is faced with both remainders of the historical image of the illness as well as its new images. Tuberculosis is in both cases defined as a problem which the major society is not involved in. This is for one reason because it is often mentioned in historical circumstances, which associates long gone history, and for the second reason as it is presented as a disease of socially excluded individuals living on the edge of society, who are perceived negatively by society in general. People infected with tuberculosis are therefore stigmatized and disqualified because the disease they are ill with is today perceived as something unacceptable and improper.
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Tuberculosis - re-established problem of European population
Marková, Jitka ; Bartoňová, Dagmar (advisor) ; Kurtinová, Olga (referee)
Tuberculosis - re-established problem of European population Abstract The main objective of this study is to collect data and to provide information about current tuberculosis burden on European population and to capture the most important trends in development of spreading the infection in the European region in the period 1995-2010. A typology of the countries of the European region is performed on the base of main features of tuberculosis morbidity and mortality in the period 2008-2010. Detailed analysis of level of tuberculosis morbidity and mortality for each region was based on available data. The study also presents the plans of major world and European organizations to eliminate spread of tuberculosis.
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Issues and Questions of TBC in Subsaharian Africa
Vostrá, Jana ; Frajer, Václav (advisor) ; Kážmér, Ladislav (referee)
This thesis deals with a disease called tuberculosis. Issues of the disease and reasons for its continued spread, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, are emphasised. The aim is objective to capture the burden of tuberculosis which affects the majority of the African population, to analyze the number of infections and casualties in selected countries, track problematic, study the reasons why the disease still spreads and an attitude of the rest of the world. First of all, what World Health Organization does to improve the situation by its DOTS strategy. The work also includes a mention of an association of tuberculosis with HIV and AIDS.
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Vaccination - yes or no? Public perception of the benefits of vaccines
Chudomelová, Iva ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor) ; Jelínek, Michael (referee)
Thanks to the vaccination were saved millions of lifes around the world, but this topic raises some controversy. Many European countries abolished the obligatory tuberculosis vaccination. The main argument was steadily decreasing incidence of infectious diseases and burdening BCG vaccination for the newbors and more adverse reactions detected in recent years. The cause of their formation is probably connected with other antigens. The downtrend in the incidence of TB is recorded only in some states, mainly in Western Europe. With respect to the current demographic situation and legal or illegal migration, it is continue necessary to take this disease seriously and to investigate the new vaccination strategies.
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Tuberculosis in Národní listy newspaper 1861-1929
Adamus, Jan ; Sekera, Martin (advisor) ; Junová, Magdalena (referee)
This thesis deals with the tuberculosis disease in printed media during the years 1861 - 1929 using Národní listy newspaper as a sample. The tuberculosis was common disease causing several deaths in that period and by the end of 19th century a fight against the tuberculosis had started becoming more organized. Theoretical part of this work contains a brief overview of a history of a treatment development. Research is divided into two periods. Firstly the probes with 10 years frequency are used for the period of the years 1861 - 1918, followed by all volumes from 1918 - 1929 period. The content analysis method is used to process all findings mentioning tuberculosis. All articles found are divided into five categories - health articles, stories, advertisements, tuberculosis in other meaning and death announcements. All data are processed using charts and bar graphs including comments and examples. Aim of this work is to determine how the Národní listy newspaper responded to the medical research news, what information did they offer to their readers and whether their agenda had changed by the influence of foundation of Masaryk's league against tuberculosis after the First world war.
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Construction and characterization of recombinant adenylate cyclase toxoid of bacterium Bordetella pertussis carrying mycobacterial antigen TB7.7
Mikulecký, Pavel ; Vopálenský, Václav (referee) ; Staněk, Ondřej (advisor)
Bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an etiological agent of a deadly disease called tuberculosis that presents a global problem. According to The World Health Organization there are more than 2 billions people infected with latent tuberculosis all over the world. There is still need of specific, sensitive, quick and economic available method for identification of infected individuals. Currently in vitro blood tests are considered to be the best way of diagnosis. They are based on restimulation of specific T lymphocytes by mycobacterial antigens derived from virulent strains. There are several different approaches for enhancing of direct antigen delivery into antigen presenting cells and promising one is a genetically detoxified adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) of bacteria Bordetella pertussis. The main aim of the thesis includes construction and subsequent characterization of biological properties of CyaA protein carrying specific mycobacterial antigen TB7.7 in translocating domain. Here is shown that fusion protein CyaA-TB7.7 can form cation selective pores in target cell membranes and is able to deliver antigens into the cytosol of APC to be presented on surface with molecules MHC class II. Genetically detoxified CyaA- TB7.7 protein will be used to supplement current approaches such as also in vitro...
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The demanding character of Nursing Care in specialized pulmonary sanaroria
KLEINOVÁ, Irena
Pulmonary sanatoriums are facilities where efficient and useful therapy for patients suffering from respiratory diseases is provided. They use treatments including the methods of climatotherapy, drinking cures or inhalation therapies. Diseases such as asthma bronchiale, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, various forms of pneumonia, lung cancer and also tuberculosis are cured here. Just the tuberculosis treatment regimen is so specific that the research part of this thesis is devoted mainly to this phenomenon. Currently, tuberculosis represents a large medical problem in our country. Although the number of cases in the last decade has decreased, today it remains a serious medical and social problem with a huge economic effect on the entire society. The epidemiological situation is deteriorating on the global scale. The main causes of this deterioration are AIDS, the influx of refugees and immigrants from various risky countries, an increase in adherence to drug abuse and failure to keep to treatment measures. According to the WHO, two billion people are infected with tuberculosis globally. The urgency of this topic is seen in the fact that despite all measures, over 3 million people die of this disease globally and 90% of this number die in developing countries. This thesis is focused on the importance of pulmonary sanatoriums and also on the mapping of intensity of nursing care in particular pulmonary sanatoriums. To a great extent, the thesis deals with the issue of the specific needs of patients and the method of providing nursing care. The thesis describes individual facilities in the Czech Republic and their importance. It also deals with the specifics of nursing care for individual pulmonary diseases and goes into detail about provision of care at isolated units for patients with tuberculosis. It also deals with the holistic approach to the patient and multicultural nursing. A great part of the thesis is devoted to the needs of patients, and changes in their role in the sanatorium. The objective of this master´s thesis was to outline the difficulty of nursing care in specialized pulmonary sanatoriums and find the specific needs of patients in these facilities. Another objective was to discover the role of the nurse in provision of care and outline differences between individual facilities. All these objectives have been performed. Four research questions were set at the beginning of the research. The first research question dealt with how nursing care in pulmonary facilities is provided. The second research question was focused on finding the specific needs of patients in these facilities. The third research question dealt with the role of the nurse in providing care for patients in specialized pulmonary sanatoriums. And the last research question focused on differences between the individual sanatoriums. The practical part of the thesis contains the results of qualitative research gathered on the basis of a semi-structured interview. Final interviews were recorded, transcribed and subsequently processed by the technique of open coding. The research file consisted of 6 nurses working in pulmonary sanatoriums and 5 patients hospitalized with tuberculosis. Based on the information acquired, the patients perceive isolation units as a very simple and depressing place, where they miss contacts with their closest. The stay in the isolation unit is a shock for them. Foreigners complain of the language barrier. Nurses regard the nursing care as very demanding. They must care for patients with various diagnoses and provide multicultural care with respect to the national and cultural specifics of patients. Based on the results found, an information brochure was created, and this can help as a source of information for hospitalized patients in sanatoriums. Furthermore, the results of this thesis will be presented to individual sanatoriums for the purpose of making changes related to their equipment.
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