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Variation in human secondary sex ratio after extraordinary natural, social and cultural events
Hubová, Hana ; Kaňková, Šárka (advisor) ; Dušek, Adam (referee)
The secondary sex ratio represents the proportion of male and female births and is usually slightly skewed towards male births. Changes in the secondary sex ratio may be induced by a variety of ultimate (evolutionary) or proximate (physiological) causes. These causes tend to be linked to external factors such as natural disasters, armed conflicts, terrorism and/or important cultural and sports events. Natural disasters cause major destruction of housing, infrastructure and loss of lives. Such events are likely to be followed by a decrease in the secondary sex ratio. Stress-induced selection in utero against males is one of the widely discussed causes related to this phenomenon. Armed conflicts and terrorism commonly have a negative impact on society as well, however, an increase in the secondary sex ratio was often observed in the post-war periods. Important cultural and sports events, along with holiday celebrations, have a mostly positive impact on the social climate. These events induce a sense of community and are likely to be followed by an increase in the secondary sex ratio 9 months later, which suggests higher coital rates during such events.
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Nutritional intake of vitamins in pregnant women.
Dvořáková, Karolína ; Hronek, Miloslav (advisor) ; Jílek, Petr (referee)
The diploma thesis deals with the issue of nutritional intake of lipophilic vitamins in pregnant women. The objective of the thesis is to analyze the intake of lipophilic vitamins in a selected group of Czech pregnant women within the three observed periods of pregnancy. Subsequently to compare these values with the recommended intakes, which are valid in the Czech Republic, and propose a possible optimization of intake. From February 2021 to January 2022 was evaluated the nutritional intake a total of 24 Czech pregnant women from Hradec Králové, at the age range 24-37 years, within the three observed periods of pregnancy. Pregnant women handed over filled in questionnaires every week, which recorded their daily intake of food and liquids, including their amount. Subsequently, the filled-in questionnaires were evaluated by the NutriDan nutrition program and the results were statistically processed by the Microsoft Excel program. The obtained values of daily intakes of pregnant women were compared with the recommended daily intakes of lipophilic vitamins, which are valid in the Czech Republic. The crucial finding of the thesis is that the intakes of lipophilic vitamins in observed pregnant women are not statistically significantly different between individual days of the week or between individual...
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Maternal adaptations to pregnancy depending on the sex of the fetus
Nekolová, Denisa ; Kaňková, Šárka (advisor) ; Roberts, Kateřina (referee)
For the mother, pregnancy is a period of significant physical changes and transformations. The mother's physiological adaptations, including hormonal and immunological changes, and behavioural adaptations serve to ensure a successful pregnancy. However, different manifestations of these changes can be observed depending on the sex of the fetus. While human chorionic gonadotropin reaches higher levels in pregnancies with a female fetus, testosterone concentrations are higher in the presence of a male fetus. At the same time, increased levels of pro-inflammatory interleukins have been detected in the presence of a male fetus. However, inconsistent results regarding the sex of the fetus can be observed when focusing on the levels of cortisol and progesterone. Adaptive protective mechanisms play an equally important role in embryo protection. In line with the expectation that the more vulnerable male fetus would require increased protection, higher levels of disgust sensitivity were observed in mothers pregnant with boys. In the case of pregnancy-related nausea, however, increased levels were repeatedly reported in mothers expecting girls. Thus, a deeper understanding of these mechanisms should be the subject of further studies.
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Nutrition and alimentation in pregnancy
ŠTĚPÁNKOVÁ, Petra
The bachelor thesis entitled Nutrition and Alimentation in pregnancy deals with the definition of pregnancy, nutrition before conception, energy requirements and weight gain in pregnancy, nutrition during pregnancy, alternative directions in nutrition during pregnancy and addictive substances in pregnancy. Nutrition is an essential part of the proper course of pregnancy and is needed for proper fetal development. Certain substances such as alcohol and heavy metals in predatory fish should be avoided during pregnancy as they can have a negative effect on the whole pregnancy, the woman and the baby. In this work, two objectives were set. The first objective was to find out the nutritional awareness of pregnant women and the second objective was to find out how pregnant women eat during pregnancy. The first objective was achieved through quantitative research, specifically through the questionnaire method and the second objective was achieved by collecting and analyzing dietary intake from ten pregnant respondents. A total of 128 pregnant women participated in the questionnaire survey. Through the research, it was found that the respondents get most information about nutrition in pregnancy from the internet and least information from a dietitian, lectures or from television and radio. Few fruits and vegetables were included in the diet, and on the contrary, a lot of dairy products were included. Nutrition is an essential part of life and also of pregnancy. It would therefore be advisable to inform pregnant women more about nutrition, for example through lectures given by a dietitian.
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The process of becoming a mother: Changes in first-time mothers' experiences of motherhood before and after childbirth
Martinčíková, Lucie ; Valentová, Hana (advisor) ; Presslerová, Pavla (referee)
This diploma thesis focuses on the experiences of first-time mothers in the process of becoming a mother, and their changes in experiencing motherhood before and after childbirth. The theoretical part contains six main chapters that address the main issues of motherhood from the perspective of existing research studies and academic literature. The aim of this diploma thesis is to describe first-time mothers: experience of motherhood and experiencing the process of becoming a mother. A qualitative design was chosen for the research purposes. The data collection method consisted of conducting semi-structured interviews. Six pregnant women - first-time mothers - were selected for the research population and two interviews were conducted with them, one of which took place before the childbirth and the other after the childbirth. Data analysis was performed based on interpretive phenomenological analysis of the text. The result of the thesis is a comprehensive description of topics related to motherhood. The research results show that the process of becoming a mother is undoubtedly a unique and non-transferable experience. The research expands the awareness of the factors that influence the experience of motherhood and maps the key areas of possible changes during the period of motherhood. Significant...
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Information of selected women in the reproducive period about the possibilities of family planning, pregnancy and childbirth in the selected region
Sojáková, Kateřina ; Hanušová, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Váchová, Alena (referee)
The thesis deals with the issues of family planning, pregnancy and birth. The theoretical subsections focus on family planning, contraception, birth and puerperium. The practical part of the thesis is a survey that was carried out among the women in a specific region who have not yet given birth. The main goal of thesis was to determine the awareness of women in the reproductive period about the options of family planning, pregnancy and childbirth. The most common sources of information concerning reproduction were investigated, as well as the awareness of the types of contraception that can cause temporary inability to conceive after discontinuation. Furthermore, the aim was to investigate whether the female respondents are well informed about prenatal examinations, childbirth and the puerperium. The results of the practical part show that the women are sufficiently informed about reproductive issues. A total of 61,5 % of female respondents were able to correctly answer the questions regarding their knowledge. School, family and internet were listed as the essential information resources by the respondents. On the contrary, most women are unaware that some types of contraception can cause temporary inability to become pregnant. Most women too were not informed about the possibility of undergoing a...
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Possibilities of physiotherapy in pregnant women with lumbar spine pain with regard to functional and structural parameters of the pelvis
BENEŠOVÁ, Natálie
This bachelor's thesis deals with the possibilities of using physiotherapy methods during pregnancy to relieve musculoskeletal pain, especially in the lumbar spine, while monitoring the functional and structural parameters of the pelvis. The work is divided into theoretical and practical parts. In the theoretical part, the aim is to give an overview and to write down information of a basic nature, first of all about the anatomical structures that are most closely related to this issue. The anatomy and kinesiology of the spine is described at the beginning, followed by the examination possibilities. The chapter on the pelvis is similarly structured, with more detailed functional and structural parameters of the pelvis. Furthermore, the theoretical section describes basic information on the course of pregnancy. A wide section then describes the changes on different systems during pregnancy, such as the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, urethropoietic and reproductive systems. As an integral part, there is also a description of changes in the spine and pelvis. Finally, appropriate or inappropriate physical activities and physiotherapy methods that can be performed during pregnancy are summarized. The aim of the practical part is to observe and evaluate the effect of physiotherapy intervention for low back pain during pregnancy. The research population included three probands in the second trimester of pregnancy who were suffering from low back pain. I implemented 6 therapy sessions with each proband once every 1-2 weeks. At the beginning, I did an initial kinesiological analysis with anamnesis taking. I presented each proband a series of exercises to influence the musculoskeletal system. At each session, we summarized the other changes since the previous session. At the end of the therapy sessions, we reviewed the results and performed an outcome kinesiological analysis. The work can be used by physiotherapists in practice as inspiration for therapeutic procedures and informative educational material.
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Childbirth with a Doula
VYČÍTALOVÁ, Jana
This bachelor thesis deals with the issue of childbirth with a doula. The thesis describes what the profession of a doula entails and what its history is. It also describes times in which a doula can accompany a woman. The physiology of pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum period is also described in the thesis. One objective of the thesis has been set. The objective was to find out how women perceive the care of a doula. Two hypotheses were set in the thesis. H1: A doula is more often chosen by nulliparae rather than multiparae for a collaboration during delivery. H2: Women use the services of a doula during labour rather than during the postpartum period. The objective was achieved through quantitative investigative research in the form of an online questionnaire of my own structure. The questionnaire used for data collection contained a total of 23 questions. 20 of these were mandatory, which ensured a high level of reliability and accuracy of the data. Out of the 23 questions, 15 were multiple choice closed-ended questions, which simplified data analysis and allowed a better comparison of answers. On top of that, there were 7 semi-closed questions which provided additional answer choices and allowed respondents to express their opinions and experiences. There was also one open-ended question that allowed respondents to share their thoughts and opinions about the questionnaire topic. The questionnaire that was used for data collection was divided into three sections, each one addressing a different topic. In the first part, the respondents were asked questions regarding their identifying data such as age, education, number of births and at what time did they decide for a doula. The second part of the questionnaire was devoted to doulas. Respondents could comment there on where they had sought out a doula and whether they knew who a doula was and who she could care for. The last part of the questionnaire was then focused on the care the respondents' doulas provided and what their experience of giving birth with a doula was like. This structure of the questionnaire allowed for systematic answer processing and better comparison of results. The research results show that women have the greatest need for psychological support during delivery just as much as during pregnancy and postpartum period. They also have a need to be informed about the issue. Most women choose a doula for an overall increase in their sense of safety. It is a satisfying result that 94,9 % of women found the care of a doula met their expectations. Which is why 93,2 % of women would use the care of a doula for their next delivery and 98,3 % of women said they would recommend the care of a doula to others. Based on the results obtained, we can conclude that women are satisfied with the care of a doula. The thesis and the results obtained can be used as a basis for presenting the investigative research in seminars for midwives.
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Pregnancy with positive diagnosis of preeclampsia and the role of a midwife.
HUSÁROVÁ, Nela
This bachelor thesis deals with pregnancy and positive diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. The thesis describes the role of a midwife and the needs of pregnant women during hospitalization. The aim of this thesis was to find out how midwives perceive the care of pregnant women diagnosed with pre-eclampsia and a further aim was to find how the needs of women diagnosed with preeclampsia have changed. The thesis is divided into two parts, theoretical and empirical. In the theoretical part the characteristics of pregnancy, hypertension, etiopathogenesis and the role of a midwife with a woman diagnosed with pre-eclampsia are described. Two aims were chosen for the empirical part of this thesis, namely, to find out how midwives perceive the care of pregnant women diagnosed with pre-eclampsia and how the needs of women diagnosed with pre-eclampsia have changed. We were interested in finding out how midwives care for pregnant women diagnosed with pre-eclampsia and the needs of these women during hospitalization. Based on these objectives, two research questions were established. How do midwives perceive the care of pregnant women diagnosed with pre-eclampsia and how have the needs of pregnant women changed during the provision of care. A qualitative research investigation was carried out by means of semi-structured interviews with midwives and women who have experienced the disease during pregnancy. The first research group consisted of five midwives working in the obstetrics and gynecology department. The second research group consisted of eight informants with personal experience of pre-eclampsia and whose delivery took place less than a year ago. The first research question investigated how midwives perceive the care for pregnant women diagnosed with pre-eclampsia. The research survey showed that all the midwives interviewed agreed on increased monitoring of the client's general condition, especially monitoring of blood pressure, swelling, laboratory testing of blood and urine, subjective feelings of the client and further observation of the heart rate of the fetus using a doppler. Furthermore, the midwives emphasized the importance of client education during hospitalization. Most frequently the women were educated about resting regimen, limiting TV and phone screen time, having a semi-dark room, bedrest, signaling devices and getting enough sleep and rest. Only some midwives mentioned educating women about the proper technique of urine collection in 24 hours. Information regarding bowel movement and constipation prevention was mentioned only by midwife PA3. The second research question examined how pregnant women's care needs have changed. The research survey showed that informants most frequently experience disruption of psychosocial needs, namely separation from family and loved ones, fear and concern for their unborn child, homesickness and sadness. Furthermore, the informants reported disruption of sleep due to hospitalization and change of environment. Some informants mentioned limited dietary choices and only informant I8 mentioned a problem of obstipation due to long-term hospitalization and resting regimen. Furthermore, the informants mentioned an information deficit in the area of self-education due to not attending antenatal classes as a result of hospitalization and the previous epidemiological situation. Pregnant women undergoing long-term hospitalization do not have the opportunity to visit antenatal courses outside the medical ward which results in information deficit in the area of self-education. This bachelor thesis has shown that there is a need for more consistent education for women during hospitalization. The findings of this thesis may be used as a source for professional seminars and lectures for midwives.
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Effect of antidepressants on placental monoamine homeostasis
Horáčková, Hana ; Štaud, František (advisor) ; Sumová, Alena (referee) ; Soukup, Ondřej (referee)
Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Candidate: Mgr. Hana Horackova Supervisor: prof. PharmDr. Frantisek Staud, Ph.D. Title of doctoral thesis: Effect of antidepressants on placental monoamine homeostasis Depression in pregnancy is an increasingly common problem and it is reported that up to 25 % of pregnant women suffer from depression and approximately 13 % are prescribed antidepressants. Currently, the most commonly prescribed antidepressants in pregnancy are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). However, the safety of these treatments is still controversial, as poor pregnancy outcomes such as organ malformations, increased incidence of neurological disorders, and preeclampsia have been reported in pregnant women taking antidepressants. However, knowledge of the responsible mechanisms is still lacking at present as they have not been sufficiently investigated. Although the effect of antidepressants on the availability of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine in brain tissue has been extensively characterized in the literature, the interactions of antidepressants with placental monoamine transporters have not received attention to date. However,...
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