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Čerstvé a měkké sýry jako potenciální zdroj \kur{Encephalitozoon cuniculi}
VECKOVÁ, Tereza
The aim of this work was to determine the occurrence and prevalence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi in goat's milk and faeces, and to evaluate the effect of pasteurization and curdling in goat cheese production on the infectivity of E. cuniculi spores for immunodeficient (SCID, CD4-/- and CD8-/-) and immunocompetent (BALB / ca C57BL/6) mice. Under experimental conditions, spores of E. cuniculi genotype II (557,000 spores in 1 g of cheese) remain viable in fresh cheeses treated by pasteurization at 72 ° C for 20 seconds and are able to cause infection in laboratory animals. Using nested PCR, specific DNA of E. cuniculi genotype I and genotype II was detected in eight of the nine goat cheeses purchased from various producers/breeders in the Czech Republic in the amount of 1 to 202 spores per 1 g of cheese. These cheeses were fed to immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice at a dose of 60 g/mouse within 24 days. The results of the experiment showed that spores of E. cuniculi genotype I and II remain viable in both fresh and soft cheeses and are able to cause infection in laboratory animals. Based on the results obtained, fresh and soft cheeses should be considered as a potential source of E. cuniculi infection for humans.
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Role střevního prvoka \kur{Dientamoeba fragilis} v lidském zdraví a nemoci
KAŠPAROVÁ, Andrea
The main aim of this study was to summarize available information about the gut protist Dientamoeba fragilis with special focus on the influence of selected factors such as age, gender, travelling or lifestyle to its colonization. It was first described in 1918 by Jepps and Dobell. First, D. fragilis was classified as an amoeba but later, based on molecular studies, was revealed that it is closely related to the trichomonads. Dientamoeba fragilis has three life forms - cyst, precyst and trophozoite. Until recently, only trophozoite of D. fragilis stage was known and the way of transmission between individuals was not clear. Thus, it was hypothetised that D. fragilis trophozoites are transmitted with eggs of some worms colonizing gastrointestinal tract. Recently, the cyst and precyst stages were discovered. In addition to humans, the presence of D. fragilis has been observed in primates, pigs and some pets. Mice seem to be successful experimental models. In terms of age factor, D. fragilis is most common in young children. There have not been revealed any correlations between occurrence of D. fragilis and gender. Pathogenicity of D. fragilis is another controversial fact about this organism. In past, it was considered a pathogen causing gastrointestinal disorders, mainly in children. However, a few recent epidemiological studies focused on healthy human population highlighted that D. fragilis appears to be more common in people without no gastrointestinal problems. Despite of this, there is still a small number of epidemiological studies on people with no intestinal problems, thus, it is difficult to compare prevalence of D. fragilis between healthy populations and patients suffering from intestinal diseases. Occurrence of D. fragilis is more prevalent in developed countries in contrast to Western populations. RT-PCR was evaluated as the most optimal method of detection of this organism from stool samples. The role of this intestinal protist in health and disease remains the subject of scientific discussions. But according to some new studies this organism tends to commensal character in the human body. At the end of this theoretical work is a brief summary of the current experimental work, which will be presented in detail in the master thesis.
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Biologie a diverzita kryptosporidií infikujících myši domácí (Mus musculus)
PRANTLOVÁ, Veronika
Cryptosporidium spp. are globally distributed unicellular parasitic protozoa of the phylum Apicomplexa that infect a wide range of vertebrates, including humans. Their exogenous developmental stages are resistant to most disinfectants and no effective drugs have been developed to date. Cryptosporidium infections of humans and many livestock have been well studied over the past 30 years, but our knowledge of Cryptosporidium spp. in small mammals has been inadequate. Recently, detailed studies of cryptosporidia have been carried out in a number of rodents, especially mice, voles, rats or tree and ground squirrels. This thesis aims to add to our mosaic of knowledge data on the prevalence, diversity and biological characteristics of cryptosporidia in the house mouse (Mus musculus), the most common unwelcome visitor to human settlements.
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Trypanosomes of green frogs (genus Pelophylax)
Poloprutská, Klára ; Votýpka, Jan (advisor) ; Modrý, David (referee)
Anuran trypanosomes are the first ever observed and described trypanosomes and Trypanosoma rotatorium from frogs of the genus Pelophylax is a type species of the genus Trypanosoma. Despite the early discovery, they are being neglected in terms of current descriptive studies when compared to other trypanosomes, although their diversity and prevalence in anurans are quite high. Anuran trypanosomes, which are significantly larger than their mammal relatives, display a high rate of polymorphism and pleiomorphism; however, without any explanations. Because of the amphibious nature of frogs, the vectors of anuran trypanosomes are both aquatic leeches and terrestrial bloodsucking insects. This thesis which aims at widening the scope of knowledge about this neglected group of trypanosomes focuses on trypanosomes from frogs of the genus Pelophylax found in Central Europe and the Balkan Peninsula. An overall prevalence of 71% was found in 981 individuals and a total of thirteen trypanosome species were detected, eight of which are new to science. Significantly higher diversity was found in frogs originating from the Balkan Peninsula; however, no host specificity of trypanosomes was detected. It was not possible to unambiguously prove the relationship between morphospecies and genospecies. On the contrary, I...
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Risky sexual behavior and recreational drug use on the dance scene of Ceske Budejovice: correlation study
Fürstová, Martina ; Vacek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kulhánek, Adam (referee)
The main goal of this bachelor thesis is to outline connections between drug use and high risk sexual behavior of visitors of České Budějovice dance scene. Methods: The results of this survey are based on the structured anonymous questionnaire answered by 100 visitors of diferent dance parties in České Budějovice. Results: It is apperent that use of drugs an high risk sexual behavior are directly related. The overwhelming majority of respondence who behaved irresponsibly sexualy or they consider their own behavior dangerous, have behaved this way under the influence of drug. In most cases alcohol was the drug of use, sometimes a combination with another drug. Closure: People with long life drug use are much more common at dance parties in České Budějovice if compared with general population. Resuluts have shown that most respondence (89 %) has at least one expirience with risky sexual behavior. Based on the results of this survey we can state that use of drugs and sexual risky behavior are directly related.
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Cervicogenic headache
Patríková, Jitka ; Šifta, Petr (advisor) ; Konopková, Renata (referee)
Title Cervicogenic headache Objectives The aim of this master thesis is to present a comprehensive overview of the topic of cervicogenic headache. It focuses on the prevalence of this disease in the general population and on the cervical spine segment where the dysfunction in patients with cervical headache occurs the most frequently. It also focuses on the link between suboccipital muscles, cervical dura mater spinalis and headache on the effectiveness of different therapies for this diagnosis. Method The thesis is conceived as a scientific literature research. In order to obtain sources professional database such as Pubmed, PEDro, Medline, HighWire, Science direct were used. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and an analytical part. There have been 4 questions and 4 hypotheses set for the purposes of work the thesis. Results Based on the analysis of available studies, the thesis confirmed that the incidence of cervicogenic headache in the general population is not negligible. It has also been proved that the diagnosis is quite frequent in patients suffering from headache, which may represent up to 35 % of patients. The results of available studies indicate that the dysfunction of the cervical spine causes 15-20 % of cervicogenic headaches. In most of the cases, it is the influence of the...
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Prevalence and incidence of alcohol tobacco and cannabis use in the cohort of primary school students in 6th, 7th and 8th grade
Jurystová, Lucie ; Gabrhelík, Roman (advisor) ; Vacek, Jaroslav (referee)
Background The period of adolescence is typical for first experiments and initiation of substance use. The onset of experiments emerges between 11 and 15 years of age according to different authors. Although many adolescents end with experiments, there is still a group of those who proceed to regular use. Frequent, regular and especially heavy substance use represents various risks in many aspects of individual's life. According to various studies earlier onset of substance use may predict serious difficulties in adult stages of life. Important and currently widely discussed question is differences in substance use between boys and girls. Aims To identify the age of cigarette, alcohol and cannabis use onset according to gender. To find out prevalence of use among boys and girls. To find out whether incidence of substance use is higher during school year or summer holidays. Methods The ESPAD questionnaire was used for data collection, which was realized in the period of 34 months from August 2007 until June 2010. Indicators were defined for categories of cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and experience with cannabis. For clarification of the given hypothesis statistical analyses in Microsoft Office Excel 2007 were used - descriptive statistics, contingency tables, Fisher's F-test and (Student)...
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Smoking of senior Citizens
Ferancová, Petra ; Mareš, Jiří (advisor) ; Šmejkalová, Jindra (referee)
Name and surname: Petra Ferancová Institution: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Department of Nursing Title of the thesis: Smoking seniors Supervisor: prof. PhDr. Jiří Mareš, CSc. Number of pages: 107 Number of attachments: 2 Year of defense: 2015 Key words: smoking, illnesses of smokers, nicotine, addiction treatment of smoking, prevalence, senior, tobacco, addiction The bachelor work is focused on the issues of a seniors' smoking. The first part of my work is focused on an old age, growing old, smoking as a bio - psycho - social problem and on the previous Czech researches of the same topic. In the second part I deal with the research surveys in which the results from the questionnaires are analysed and presented. The aim of my bachelor work was to find out the prevalence of the seniors' smoking, to find out the difference in a presence of the chronical illness between seniors smokers and non-smokers and to realize whether the seniors were informed by medics, doctors or nurses about the harmful effects of smoking and its consequences on their health.
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