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The Use of Separation Methods for the Study of Selected Drugs and Pesticides in Water
Burešová, Jitka ; Hajšlová, Jana (referee) ; Chýlková, Jaromíra (referee) ; Kráčmar, Stanislav (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This work is focused on the study of penetration of pesticides and pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. The aim was to develop and verify the optimal method for long-term monitoring of the occurrence of selected pesticides and pharmaceuticals in surface waters. Two frequently used analgesics ibuprofen and diclofenac, and carbamazepine that is used to treat epilepsy, were chosen from the group of drugs. A group of 41 pesticides were selected for monitoring too. The attention was focused on a group of urea pesticides and phenoxyacetic acids, as well as on selected pesticides falling to the group of priority substances or identified as environmental quality standards. Some of pesticides were selected because their consumption in the Czech Republic exceeds 30 tons a year. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC / MS / MS) was used for the determination of selected analytes in surface waters. Two optimized analytical method were developed. Ten analytes were determined in negative ion mode and 34 analytes in positive ion mode. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used for purification and concentration of the samples. Developed methodology was validated and used for monitoring of selected compounds in samples of surface waters from the Morava River basin. Samples were collected on the rivers Morava and Svratka monthly for two years. Samples from the river Blata and stream Nivnička were collected for one year. Surface water samples were also collected from the river Litava. Four samples were taken throughout the length of the flow during one day. Smaller streams were chosen for monitoring because of the probability of occurrence of pesticides. They flow abundantly agriculturally cultivated areas. Drugs ibuprofen and diclofenac were detected in all taken samples, carbamazepine mostly. Among the most commonly occurring pesticides were bentazon, diuron, isoproturon, carbendazim, MCPA, MCPP, propiconazole, tebuconazole and 2,4-D.
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Degradation of pyrethroids using heterogeneous catalysts
Janík, Ondřej ; Bílková, Zuzana (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This thesis was provided to study fotocatalytic degradation of polutants on the titanium dioxide, as modern eliminating method useful for removing of polutants out of the environmental matrix. There are also studied pyrethroids, as one of the most used pesticides in recent ages, and posibility of degradation of pyrethroids using degradation on titanium dioxide in aquatic system. This study contains an experiment of fotocatalytic degradation of pyrethroids on titanium dioxide in vitro with final analysis using GC-ECD.
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Ecotoxicity of selected pesticides
Konečná, Veronika ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
Presented diploma thesis is focused on the ecotoxicological evaluation of insecticide mixtures Perfekthion and Bulldock 25 EC and their effective substances, dimethoate and beta-cyfluthrin, respectively. Dimethoate is an organophosphate insecticide while beta-cyfluthrin belongs to pyrethroids. Both mixtures’ target organisms are sucking and biting pests on grain crops, potatoes, vegetables, oilseed rape and ornamental flowers. Their application over large areas and transport in large volumes generates a significant risk of entering the environment. Mixtures and substances were tested on water plant Lemna minor, algae Desmodesmus quadricauda and crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. The LC50, EC50, and IC50 values were determined and ecotoxicity of substances and mixtures was evaluated and compared.
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Study of degradation of micropolutants in water using advanced oxidation processes
Brož, Tomáš ; Repková, Martina (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
This bachelor thesis is focused on the study of pesticide degradation using various advanced oxidation processes. Finding an effective method to degrade these micropollutants is very important with their increasing consumption in the agricultural and other industries, because their adverse effects on non-target organisms and humans are also expected. In this work, the herbicides metazachlor and chloridazon were studied. The first part of this work is conceived theoretically and is focused on a basic description of advanced oxidation processes, including characterization of individual types, description of pesticides and their distribution and a brief description of the used analytical methods. The second part deals with the experiment itself and the evaluation of the results. Three different types of advanced oxidation processes were used for degradation: UV, H2O2, UV/ H2O2. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS) was used to determine the efficiency of the experiment. It was found that the most effective of the used degradation methods was the use of UV radiation with the addition of H2O2.
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Analysis of pesticides in the environment using the QuEChERS method
Vašinková, Alena ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
This thesis focuses on pesticides in the environment, more specifically in cereals. Pesticides were monitored in various samples of cereals (barley, rye, oats, and wheat) within the thesis. The monitored substances were isolated in selected samples and concentrated using the QUECHERS method. Gas and liquid chromatography were used to determine pesticides. The theoretical part consists of the common types of pesticides, divided by the ease with which these substances into food and their impact on humans and environment. It also mentions current health protection legislation and environmental legislation.
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Vyhodnocení finančních nákladů na ochranu rostlin v konvenčním a ekologickém zemědělství
Stoklasová, Jitka
The aim of this bachelor thesis is to evaluate the annual financial cost of purchasing chemical sprays and fertilizers for a 1,048 ha agricultural cooperative and to compare the benefits of conventional farming with organic farming. In the theoretical section a general characterization of pesticides and fertilizers is given. The most commonly used sprays and fertilisers in agriculture are also characterised. The chosen objective was addressed by means of an economic evaluation of the financial costs of all chemical products applied to crops during one marketing year. Specifically, a comparison of organic and conventional farming profits was made on crops located on both farms, namely winter wheat and spring barley. By comparing their yields, chemical prices, commodity purchase prices and subsequently profits and costs.
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Zhodnocení vývoje jakosti vody vybraných toků v povodí vodárenské nádrže Švihov na řece Želivce
Markovcová, Zuzana
The bachelor thesis deals with the evaluation of water quality in selected watercourses in the Švihov water reservoir catchment area and compares the results with those from the catchment area of the Lučický stream, which is located outside the Švihov reservoir catchment area. The first part of the thesis is devoted to a literature review addressing the issue of water pollution, eutrophication, pesticides, individual nutrients, and related legislative regulations. The second part of the bachelor thesis contains a brief characterization of the Švihov water reservoir catchment area and the Lučický stream catchment area, a description of the methodology, and the results of the evaluation of water quality in selected watercourses. The processed results from the Švihov reservoir catchment area and the Lučický stream catchment area were compared in terms of management in protective zones and outside of them. The obtained results were evaluated based on Czech Standard 75 7221 and Government Regulation No. 401/2015 Coll., as amended. The results demonstrated a clear correlation between flow rate and the amount of pollutants transported, with significantly lower transport rates recorded in dry years than in hydrologically average years. Regarding pesticides, it was found that the parent substance was only present in water immediately after application to agricultural land, while metabolites were found in both water and soil permanently. At the same time, relatively high concentrations of a pesticide metabolite that cannot be used today were also recorded.
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Adsorption of pesticides onto granular activated carbon in water treatment process
Kopecká, Ivana ; Hnaťuková, Petra (advisor) ; Pivokonský, Martin (referee)
The diploma thesis is aimed at adsorption processes during the removal of pesticides onto granular activated carbon (GAC) in the process of drinking water treatment. Adsorption onto GAC represents an efficient method for pesticides removal. High adsorption efficiency can be significantly reduced due to the occurrence of natural organic matter (NOM) in raw water, which involves AOM (Algal Organic Matter) produced by phytoplankton. Analogous to NOM, AOM probably affects adsorption of pesticides by two different mechanisms - a direct site competition and pore blockage effect, in dependence on the different molecular weight of particular AOM fractions. Equilibrium batch and kinetic adsorption experiments were performed using two types of GAC (Norit 1240 and Filtrasorb 400) and two pesticides (terbuthylazine and alachlor). In order to examine the effect of AOM on adsorption of pesticides, raw GAC and GAC preloaded by AOM were used. The effect of pH on the competitive adsorption of AOM was also evaluated. A solid phase extraction (SPE) method and gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) were used to determine pesticides in water samples. AOM was characterized using fractionation onto sorptive resins. The representation of apparent molecular weights of AOM proteins was determined by...
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Integrovaná ochrana proti škůdcům a chorobám v akvaponii
FOLORUNSO, Ewumi Azeez Olatunji
This thesis has laid an essential foundation for developing aquaponics-safe approaches to address pest and disease outbreaks in aquaponics. Our review on adopting integrated pest and disease management in aquaponics not only customized pyramid-flow IPDMs for aquaponics but also inclusively initiated essential fish management pathways for aquaponics farmers who are primarily not fish farm experts. Furthermore, our review identified pathogen infestation challenges as priorities over macro-pests and diseases in fish culture units and the urgent need to establish safe phytopathogen management options. These conclusions were followed up by investigating safe biological control agents, where the efficacy of entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi was investigated against powdery mildew, and their low-survival chance in RAS water was determined to affirm their suitability for different aquaponics designs (coupled and decoupled). With raving questions on the reliability of biological control, we explored potentially safe chemical control options that could be adopted for aquaponics systems, and investigated their possible negative impacts on aquaponics. The natural (azadirachtin, lecithin, and clove oi), microbial (spinosad) and synthetic (tebuconazole) pesticides investigated, runoff into nutrient solutions after foliar application, and were detected in significant concentrations at different time points post applications. Their percentage runoff in regard to spray solution varies significantly (0.1-2.3 %), owing to differences in the proportion of the active ingredients, recommended dosages and the properties of the compound. The percentage runoff of azadirachtin, eugenol, spinosad and tebuconazole ranged between 0.1 and 0.8 % of the sprayed active ingredients. On the other hand, 2.3 % of the sprayed lecithin were detected in the aquaponics water. Since eugenol and spinosad were detected at concentrations lower than their corresponding NOEC and LC50, they are considered safe for all aquaponics systems. Pyrethrum, on the other hand, was not detected in the nutrient solution, which could be due to its non-persistence and fast degradation in water. However, its active ingredient (pyrethrin) is highly toxic to fish and other aquatic organisms, and its usage should only be limited to decoupled aquaponics systems. Regarding their effects on fish and biofilter, tebuconazole had a significantly persistent effects on fish hematology, biochemical and antioxidative activities over a 28 day semi-static period, indicating its unsuitability for coupled aquaponics designs. However, tebuconazole did not have significant effects on nitrification processes in the biofilter at the maximum runoff concentration. Lecithin, on the other hand, altered and spiked ammonium and nitrite levels in biofilter at its maximum runoff concentration, making the compound unsuitable for coupled aquaponics. In contrast, only mild non-significant effects of azadirachtin and eugenol were seen in biofilter nitrification, fish hematology, and biochemical parameters, indicating their low risks for all aquaponics systems (when applied according to the manufacturer's instruction). Lastly, we explored the influence of biological control and fungicides on running aquaponics systems. T. virens, I. fumosorosea and L. attenuatum, controlled and suppressed powdery mildew over a period of four weeks. In addition, T. virens was able to improve the growth of the plant. The fungicides (clove oil, lecithin, and tebuconazole), on the other hand, did not show any influence on the basil growth.
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