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General Runoff Water Balance Model of a River Basin
Černý, Vojtěch ; Knoppová, Kateřina (referee) ; Marton, Daniel (advisor)
Modelling of the rainfall-runoff process is one of the basic scientific skills in hydrology. Rainfall-runoff modelling can help to improve water management, handling of the reservoir's storage volume, or also to facilitate adaptation to current climatic conditions. The aim of the diploma thesis is to create a functional rainfall-runoff model on the basis of water balance equations based on the lumped water balance principle of the hydrological model. Several modifications of the general rainfall-runoff model are approached in the diploma thesis. Four types of the daily evapotranspiration determination are used in the calculations. The rainfall-runoff model is compiled from temperature data and precipitation totals in a daily step. The practical application is carried out on a sub-basin of the river Dyje, which is located above Vranov water reservoir. The main output is a series of daily flow rates that were obtained from calibrated rainfall-runoff models. The best rainfall-runoff model takes into account the water from snow cover melting, the value of the Nash Sutcliffe calibration criterion of this model is 0.608. Finally, the hydrological simulation for the period 2021-2060 is performed in the diploma thesis.
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Hydrological processes and dynamics in the changing climate and environment: Lessons learned from multiple temporal and spatial scales
Su, Ye ; Langhammer, Jakub (advisor) ; Hanel, Martin (referee) ; van Meerveld, Hilda (referee)
Hydrological processes and dynamics in the changing climate and environment: Lessons learned from multiple temporal and spatial scales Ye Su ABSTRACT Climate change, along with the changes in land use and land cover (LULC), is the key factor driving the changes in hydrological processes and dynamics in a basin. This thesis emphasized on understanding the impact of both long-term climate change and abrupt anthropogenic driven agricultural intensification or natural driven insect-induced forest disturbance on hydrological processes and dynamics at varying spatial and temporal scales in two diverting terrestrial environment. Two pattern-based investigations, one case study in a forest region in Central Europe and another in a semi-arid region in Central Asia, were aimed to answer the main research question "what are the responses of hydrological dynamics and the related hydro-geochemical conditions to climate change and certain changes in LULC at a basin-scale?". The long-term hydro-climatic dataset was used for conducting statistical analyses and establishing hydro-climatic modelling at the basin scale. We further conducted process-based studies, attempting to understand how and why the specific hydrological dynamics were altered at smaller spatial and temporal scales: (i) a catchment-scale tracer-based...
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COMPARISON OF ACTUAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION FROM ALEXI AND SOILCLIM MODELS
Jurečka, František ; Hlavinka, Petr ; Lukas, Vojtěch ; Trnka, Miroslav ; Anderson, M. ; Hain, C. ; Balek, Jan ; Bláhová, Monika ; Žalud, Zdeněk
Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) determined by the Atmosphere-land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) model and water balance model SoilClim was compared for selected districts of the Czech Republic. The ALEXI model uses the land surface temperature (LST) from remote sensing and provides information on ETa and subsequently the surface moisture status. The SoilClim is a dynamic model of watcr content in soil and represents a model based on water balance approach. The current version of the model is able to estimate the value of ETa, as well as soil moisture content in two layers of the soil profile. Investigated period of ETa comparison were years 2014 and 2015. Especially the year 2015 had a special relevance due to the significant summer drought that occurred in CR. Model performance was compared for the period when changes in vegetation are most significant from April to August. Week sums of ETa from both models were compared at the district level for Vysodina, JihomorayskY and Olomouck, regions. The ETa values were generally higher from ALEXI as compared to SoilClim. ALEXI values were in some cases even two or three time higher. Moreover, the seasonal dynamics showed sometimes opposite trends. As this is a pilot testing of ALEXI based ETa in the conditions of Central Europe and show large differences as compared to well established methods, more detailed testing is required prior drawing any general conclusions.
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Soil water retention in the landscape
Hřebejková, Barbora ; Šípek, Václav (advisor) ; Frouz, Jan (referee)
Water retention in the landscape is one the current topics in environmental protection. It is affected by a number of factors and is changing both in time and space. The goal of this thesis is to examine the long-term development of water retention in the landscape and to determine the influence of different types of vegetation on the soil moisture underneath. In the first part of my thesis I review different soil types with respect to their physical characteristics and interaction with water, and ways of measuring soil moisture. The aim of the thesis is the sum up the basic knowledge about soil and basics behaviour, mainly in the relation with soil moisture. There are introduced methods of soil moisture measurement with regard to their limits. In the second part I focus on analysis of selected studies covering the topic of water retention in the landscape. Due to the technical difficulty is only a few studies devoted to a long term measurement of soil water by direct methods and therefore are results mostly limited to evaluate soil water retention by hydropedological models. In the final part I discuss and evaluate the results of the aforementioned studies. Key words: water retention, soil moisture, evapotranspiration, soil hydrology, climate change
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Temperature and humidity regime and energy balance characteristics of the stands with different management.
ŠACHL, Jiří
The aim of proposed thesis is identification and assessment of the impact of various types of vegetation cover on microclimate and local climate. The thesis study an issue of vegetation cover impact on the solar energy transformation, energy fluxes and an impact of vegetation cover on water cycle, mostly at the landscape level. Temperature-humidity characteristics and energy fluxes and their indicators (Bowen ratio, evaporative fraction) were monitored during the growing season in common types of vegetation cover occurring in agricultural landscapes (red clover - Trifolium pratense L., common wheat - Triticum aestivum L., potatoes - Solanum tuberosum L. and permanent grassland (TTP)) and wetland with predominantly tall sedge vegetation (e.g. Carex acuta L., Glyceria maxima (Hartman). Holmberg.). Results show a direct correlation between solar radiation and the amount of energy converted into latent heat of evaporation or sensible heat flux expressed through evapotranspiration. The results of analyses confirmed the theoretical assumption that the vegetation cover significantly influences microclimate, e.i. air temperature and humidity both of itself and surrounding area. The temperature-humidity characteristics were significantly different in the monitored stands. From this findings is obvious that the different types of vegetation can affect local microclimate differently. Moreover, the results showed that the vegetation well stocked with water probably significantly affects the water cycle in the landscape.
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Foliar application of zinc reduces the risk of drought stress on poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)
Škarpa, P. ; Richter, R. ; Hlavinka, Petr ; Trnka, Miroslav
Especially in arid regions, drought stress is considered as one of the main reasons for yield reduction of plant. Zinc, as one of the essential microelements in crop plant, plays a crucial role in resistance to drought stress. The objective of the vegetation experiment established in 2011-2015 on locality Zaboice was to explore the effect of the foliar zinc application on the yield of poppy in interactions with weather conditions observed years. Effect of zinc foliar application was significantly dependent on the average daily air temperature (r =-0.936). Foliar application of zinc increases production of poppy seed, in the range from 6.9 to 25.5 % and the efficiency of zinc foliar fertilization increases with a widening deficit rainfall calculated as the difference between the precipitation sum and reference evapotranspiration of poppy growing season (r =-0.9072). In general, the results of the present study indicate that usage of zinc foliar application reduces the harmful effects of water deficit stress and increases resistance to drought stress in poppy plant.
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Towards a combining of remote sensing and in situ evapotranspiration measurements
Fischer, Milan ; Jurečka, František ; Anderson, M. ; Hain, C. ; Pozníková, Gabriela ; Hlavinka, Petr ; Orság, Matěj ; Lukas, V. ; Žalud, Z. ; Trnka, Miroslav
This study provides preliminary results from combining in situ Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB) and\nevapotranspiration (ET) measurements techniques with physically based remote sensing ET estimates determined\nby the Atmosphere-Land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) model. Evapotranspiration measurements\nand ALEXI estimates were analysed in an agricultural area close to Polkovice, Czech Republic during 2015,\nwhen a drought spell and intensive heatwaves appeared in the country. The BREB system was monitoring a\nwinter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) field (~26 ha) while the ALEXI pixel (~5 km resolution) covered a wide\nrange of crops, including mainly winter wheat, spring barley, and winter rape. The study results showed that,\nalthough the applied methods work at different spatial scales (field vs. landscape), their combination can provide\nfurther insights into ET at both scales. For instance, such approach can be used to identify whether a specific\necosystem investigated in situ contributes to cooling or warming of the landscape.
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Functions of Exocyst Complex in the Regulation of Stomata Dynamics
Röder, Matěj ; Žárský, Viktor (advisor) ; Burketová, Lenka (referee)
Stomata are structures in plant epidermis which regulate contact between inner and outer environment of the plant by mediating their stomatal aperture. Many inner and outer signals contribute to the ontogenesis of the stomatal pattern. Guard cells undergo significant change of volume and surface during stomatal movement. This change of surface must be compensated by intracellular trafficking of membrane material because biological membrane has limited elasticity. Most of this trafficking takes place between plasma membrane and endosomal compartments. Complex exocyst is protein complex that ensures proper targeting of secretory vesicles to their destination on the plasma membrane. Function of this complex is essential for many cellular processes that require precise targeting of secretion. Mutation in gene Exo70B1 causes different development of the stomatal pattern. Plants with mutated Exo70B1 differ in stomatal size depending on the cultivation conditions more than wild type plant. Protein EXO70B1 is also directly involved in stomatal dynamics because mutants exo70B1 have retarded stomatal opening in response to light. This direct connection can be observed on the fluorescently labeled protein EXOB1 which significantly changes its localization during stomatal movements. None of these observed phenotypes is...
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Hydrology of mountain seepage lakes
Kohn, Tomáš ; Stuchlík, Evžen (advisor) ; Šobr, Miroslav (referee)
The aim of this thesis is a review of the hydrological balance of mountain lakes, focusing on lakes without ground outflow, or with a huge share of seepage upon the outflow. This thesis deals, step by step, with the methods of collecting data for each input and output to the hydrological system. It is also concerned with the possibilities of monitoring ground water movement and rainfall-runoff models.
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Environmental assessment of the Czech Republic based on Water Footprint
Žlábková, Jana ; Hák, Tomáš (advisor) ; Vačkář, David (referee)
This dissertation sets its goal in application of the water footprint indicator, which is a practical and multi-layered indicator of water sources consumption. Of human activities, agriculture presents the most significant demands on water sources consumption. Therefore I have turned my focus to the widely-discussed issue of biofuels production, because the input materials for production of this kind of energy are agricultural crops (in the Czech republic those are: oilseed rape, sugar beet, Indian corn and winter wheat). The calculated results of water footprints of the selected industrial crops (m3 /t) and of water footprints of the heating value units of that crops (m3 /GJ) offer us a concrete notion of energy requirements of water of that chosen industrial crops in the conditions of the Czech republic. Keywords: water footprint indicator, biofuels, oilseed rape, water consumption, biodiesel, bioethanol, evapotranspiration.
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