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Orangutans breeding and factors affecting their reproduction in captivity and in the wild
Kalkušová, Olga ; Kubík, Štěpán (advisor) ; Burešová, Eva (referee)
Information concerning orangutans living in the wild and the issue of their breeding has been summarized within the framework of this thesis. Orangutans in their natural habitats in tropical rainforests of Sumatra and Borneo are not subjected to the same influences as those bred in captivity. Their reproduction thus differs in certain aspects. Reproduction of orangutans in the wild is strongly influenced by their solitary way of life. Females are accompanied only by their young or eventually by other females and according to the studies they seek contact with males only in their period of rut. The contact is then limited to a period of time needed for copulation. One exception to this behaviour may be couples with juvenile males. After birth, the female looks after the young male for up to 8 years, having no rut during this period. The cycle of females living in the wild also shows dependency on the availability of food supply. Negative energy balance during which the cycle stops has been observed during periods of food scarcity. In the following period with abundance of food, the cycle is renewed again. The cycle renewal also occurs in cases when the female loses her young. As a consequence of these reproductive limitations females may give birth to 4 young at maximum in their life.
Guidelines have been drawn up for breeding in zoos which regulate the conditions and suitability of the exhibits so that they meet the orangutans needs. Their natural mental and physical activity is related to their health and natural behaviour. However, despite all efforts the zoos cannot provide the same conditions to the orangutans as those they would have in the wild. The forced increased socialization and contact with other individuals held in captivity may bring stress, stereotype behaviour and associated health problems which are rather frequent with orangutans bred in captivity.
According to the records in the pedigree books, the age of first reproduction and the interval between births were shorter in case of females kept in captivity. Even the keeping of males and females in one exhibit increases the probability of copulation and becoming pregnant. These changes also entail certain risks according to the studies. Breeding in captivity embodies higher mortality rate of young and adult animals. This is probably caused by young age of females at the birth and short intervals between births which are often shorter than 4 years. Females born in captivity also lack experience which they gain in the wild by learning and observing and are not able to take care of their young or refuse it later. Even females that got pregnant between the age of 11 and 14 have been described. However, such pregnancy poses a great risk for females and they die soon after birth or live much shorter. Young orangutans born in captivity were often taken away from their mothers. It is not very suitable on the one side, but on the other side, after having their young taken away from them, the females started a new, full-fledged cycle in a few weeks and could become pregnant again. However, as direct care of the young by humans has a negative effect, the young are often given back to their mothers which is successful in many cases.
Orangutans have been studied for more than 40 years and a lot of things concerning their breeding in captivity have changed during this time. Zoological gardens are trying to provide the orangutans as natural conditions as possible. It is necessary for the exhibits and the enrichment to provide enough physical and mental activities to the orangutans. Despite these efforts, the limited space and the related contacts between individuals may bring stressful situations. These are then manifested in the behaviour and health of the orangutans.
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The Effect of Environmental Contamination on Quality of Leafy Vegetables
Jančíková, Silvie ; Pavlíková, Daniela (advisor) ; Veronika, Veronika (referee)
Heavy metals are widely distributed throughout the environment, but environment can be contaminated by these elements originated from anthropogenic activities. These toxic elements can be taken up by plant. Heavy metals accumulation and their uptake by plants depend on plant species, plant growing period, part of plant, soil characteristics (content of organic matters, physical chemical properties), interactions between metals etc. High concentrations of metal ions in plants can result in metabolic stress and so the plant metabolic stress mechanism can be induced : organic acids exudation, heavy metals binding in cell walls, phytochelatins synthesis etc.
In case, that various protective mechanisms against toxic elements are not successful, heavy metals cause the damage to plant metabolism. This is indicated by changes in the contents of amino acids and fatty acids, enzymatic changes, inhibition of yield of aboveground biomass, chlorosis of leaves.
There is an important difference between Zn and the other elements. Zn is an essential micronutrient and its content in contrast to the other elements without biological function is less toxic for plants.
Vegetables are rich sources of essentials nutrients and heavy metals can significantly affect their quality. The consumption of contaminated vegetables may result in negative effects on nutritional composition. Leafy vegetables have relatively higher concentrations and transfer factors of heavy metals in contrast to root and fruit vegetables. There is the high health risk to consume the vegetable which is exposure to heavy metal polluted environment.
The majority of European agricultural soils is safe for food production, but the areas with the high population density (China) have level of contamination which present ecological and health risk. For this reason many studies have focused on crop accumulation of heavy metals in such areas.
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Evaluation of perfomance tests in hiporehabilitation horses
Houdová, Diana ; Majzlík, Ivan (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
Dissertation deals with hiporehabilition as therapeutic method, describing each sector and its practical utilisation. It explains used terms and in brief touches on history
of application of horses as therapeutical animals.
Theoretical part of dissertation describes essentiality of careful preparation of horse prior to its using to hiporehabilitation work, professional selection of it, high-quality basic training followed with special training focusing to work with client. It also points out possible risks connected with selection of horse.
Thesis evaluates selection standards of hipo-rehabilitation horses, its coherence and potential correlation concerning age, sex and discipline for which is horse prepared. Since 2011 has been conducted specialization test of less than 150 horses and the results has been evaluated and after that confronted.
Objective of dissertation is pint out main requirements which has to be taken
to consideration in the proces of selection of horse for utilsation in this field, and suitability
of its physical proportions as well as traits of character. For creatures employed in any kind
of animotherapy is a contact and work with a client extremly mentally demanding, therefore the proces of thorough and careful selection of horse is just as neccessary together with its subsequent preparation, which is in final phase assessed during performance test
of hiporehabilitation horse before comitee of experts. Outcome of such a training shall be happy and mentally calm horse, for like that is ready to be irreplaceable assistant for the therapist and valuable co-terapist for the client.
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Photogrammetry using UAV and non-metric photocamera
Filín, Slavomír ; Brychta, Jiří (advisor) ; Rejha, Vít (referee)
This thesis deals with the use of unmanned airborne vehicles especially in environmental sectors. Gradually they describe the different types and characteristics of aircraft. The introduction explains the historical development and the legislation applicable to the management of unmanned airborne vehicle. Another part deals with processing of the results acquired with the help of UAVs. It is explained by the physical principle of data collection. The following describes the different types of data that can be obtained by placing different sensors and cameras for UAV support. This is a multispectral, hyperspectral, thermal imaging and lidar sensors. It explains the process of evaluating the measurement data in the GIS environment. Work also addresses the evaluation of the images taken by UAV with the help of a semi automated software. The paper presents examples of the world's most pervasive software. Attention was also placed on the use of individual outputs. The last section provides examples of the use of UAVs or software on concrete examples, where the UAV resources necessary tool for the project implementation.
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Problematic behaviour in shelter dogs
Kubíková, Kateřina ; Fiala Šebková, Naděžda (advisor) ; Chmelíková, Eva (referee)
The aim was to create the most comprehensive scientific literature review on the topic of problematic dog behavior in the shelters.
The work defines physiological and psychological needs of the dog and its natural behavior. There is described the influence of stress, most frequented causes and consequences and different types of behavior problems, which we can meet in dogshelters. Further are the factors that influence the behavior of the dog in the shelter, and the factors that increase the chance of a dog to be adopted. This chapter describes the issue of overpopulation of dogs in the world and castration and sterilization programs to control animal population.
The next part deals with the possible problems that may occur after the dog is adopted by new owner, especially if the owner already have other dogs or children.
The final part of the review focuses on euthanasia, which is compared to the situation in the Czech Republic and abroad.
Problems that may occur after the adoption of a dog from a shelter can be prevented by choosing a suitable dog due of the physical and time schedule of the owner and his experiences with dogs.
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Sheep milk utilization in food processing
Lattonová, Jana ; Legarová, Veronika (advisor) ; Vladimír, Vladimír (referee)
The bachelor thesis on Possibilities of sheeps milk in the food industry, is a literature review dealing with the possibilities of using sheeps milk, its composition and its differences from the milk of other animals, its processing capabilities in the food industry and its impact on human health.
The bachelor thesis is divided into two parts. First, the general section discusses the domestication history of sheep breeding and diseases in sheep breeding. This part has its important especially because without domestication there would be no posibility of using milk, because only health animal, both physically and mentally, can provide benefit and production, which we expect from it.
The second part deals with the milk and its processing. Its hows the two dairy breeds of sheep and the effect of the breed for milk production. Further, the composition of sheep's milk is disclosed and compared with the composition of the milk of other animals whose milk is used in the food industry. In this thesis, states that the composition of sheeps milk is only with few exceptions no different from cows or goats milk. The diference is primarily in the concentration which at sheeps milk can be doubledin some parameters. Further more, the thesis deals with the processing of milk into cheese, yogurt and other fermented dairy products, their method of processing and the use of lactic cultures. Finally, the work deals with the influences of consumption of milk, cheese and fermented dairy products on human health.
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The comparison of different methods for soil physical properties determination
Domin, Vojtěch ; Kumhála, František (advisor) ; Mašek, Jiří (referee)
This diploma thesis is focused on comparison of the methods which are used for soil physical properties measurement . A penetrometer and Kopecky rollers were used. To assess these methods, the soil properties were evaluated on the land of joint-stock company Sloveč near Městce Králové. The first part of this thesis consists of an introduction which describes the basic information related to this issue. The second part deals with literature review where the basic physical properties of soils are discussed, such as porosity and bulk density. The aim of this diploma thesis is mentioned in the third part. It is followed by the methodology in which the different methods of measurement are described. The next chapter focuses on the analysis of measured data and its evaluation. The next part deals with the technical-economic evaluation of measurement methods. The last part brings the conclusion which summarizes all the results of the thesis. The most interesting result of this diploma thesis that penetrometric measurement is affected by soil moisture content so significantly that it can show soil compaction entirely on other areas of the land than measurements using Kopecky rollers.
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Zootherapy and its using for the clients of PN Bohnice
Steklá, Daniela ; Dokoupilová, Adéla (advisor) ; Zita, Lukáš (referee)
Animotherapy is a relatively young branch using the positive impact of animals on the mental, physical and social health. We divide it according to the methods, forms, or animals that are used for the therapy (hippotherapy, canistherapy, felinotherapy, etc.). From the viewpoint of the use of animals in therapy it is important to specify methods AAA (activities) and AAT (therapy). While AAT is a targeted method indicated by the physician and must keep records of the course of the therapy, AAA is a method of natural interaction between the client and the animal and the conditions laid down by the methods of the AAT may not be met. All types of animotherapy should be performed or supervised by a qualified expert with appropriate education, whose task is to establish the aims and procedures of individual therapies taking into account the health status of the client and his current mental frame of mind. By acknowledging the psychological state of the client and his diagnosis, the therapist prevents emergence of dangerous situations both for the client and for the animal involved in therapy. This therapy is used as a supplement for therapeutic or rehabilitation methods. For example, it can help to create or deepen the relationship between the client and the therapist. It is not yet officially recognized as a therapeutic method.
Sociotherapeutic farm in PN Bohnice uses for therapy especially horses (called Hipotherapy (HR), and small animals. The method HR complexly affects the mental and physical state of a person and includes all forms of treatment and rehabilitation using horses for persons with a disability or handicap. Horses on the farm are used for physiotherapy and psychotherapy, while small animals are used in the form of visiting programs by gerontopsychiatric wards. Therapists worked out on the basis of many years of experience their own methodology for these therapies, using which they achieve excellent results.
The results of studies show that animotherapy has a positive effect on clients of all ages and a wide range of diseases. This is a very promising and recently much discussed subject that needs a number of other studies, to be acknowledged as a therapeutic method.
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Androgenesis and its using for interspecific hybridisation of potato
Suková, Eva ; Sedlák, Petr (advisor) ; Matiska, Pavel (referee)
The production of homozygous lines has been an important part of breeding programs. The most effective and widely used method suitable for the production of homozygous plants is induced androgenesis via anther, pollen and isolated microspore cultures. The principle of androgenic induction consists in reprogramming microspores from gametophytic to sporophytic development. Physical or chemical factors can be used on the whole inflorescence, flower-buds or isolated anthers for reprograming. The genotype of donor plant and poolen developmental stage plays a fundamental role in determination of androgenesis in vitro. Pre-treatments such as chilling, high temperature, high humidity, centrifugation, water stress, oxidative stress, osmotic pressure change in the level of endogenous growth substances, transfer anthers from anaerobic to aerobic environment, starvation, colchicine application and, heavy metals treatment are other important factors that affect the response of anthers to in vitro culture.
The aim of this work was to design and confirm the methodology used for induced androgenesis of potatoes. The achieved results of our experiment showing only trends and hypotheses. The size of the most suitable flower-buds for anther culture is 2-3 mm. It is highly likely that the sucrose concentration in MS medium had no impact on the callus induction. The genotype of tested hybrids probably plays a major role in the induced androgenesis process. The influence of the media on the formation of callus was statistically proven. Calluses were transferred to regeneration medium, but organogenesis has not yet come through.
The results show that the proposed methodology is appropriate to derive calluses at least.
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Organoleptic characteristics of the venison and venison products
Henrychová, Marie ; Kouřimská, Lenka (advisor) ; Daniel, Daniel (referee)
This thesis is focused on the organoleptic properties of game and farm animals meat. Some attention is dedicated to the game meat products too. Hypotesis Organoleptic properties of game meat are statistically different from meat of farm animals was evaluated. Comparison of the scientific publications concering this topic was made. Organoleptic properties are dependent on physical and chemical attributes, thus some of these important attributes are discussed in this thesis.
Results of this thesis show, that there are significant differences between organoleptic properties of game and farm animals meat and the hypotesis is valid. Within chemical and physical properties of compared kinds of meat there are significant difference especially in fat content and fatty acids profile. Game species presented in this thesis have lower fat content and also more favourable fatty acids profile and especially content of unsaturated fatty acid is higher. Significant differences were also in nitrogen compounds content, amino acids composition and haem pigments content. Higher moisture content was often presented in game meat. Differences in protein content were not significant, but several differences were found in the protein composition. During sensory evaluation significant differences were found in intensity and pleasantness of flavour, tenderness and juiciness of meat. Further differences were also found in color.
Specific properties of game meat are transfered also to the game meat products. But in products differences are soften by the use of other components, such as other kinds of meat or food additives.
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