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Nové postupy biomonitoringu cizorodých látek ve vodním prostředí
ČERVENÝ, Daniel
Within the presented work, several approaches of biomonitoring were studied. A well-established method for human health risk assessment was applied to evaluate the quality of fish from open waters in the Czech Republic. As this work is targeted on sport fishermen, who frequently consume their own catches, besides the publication in scientific journal, a brochure with results of this study was distributed via the Czech Fishing Union. Health risks for consumers related to the consumption of wild fish were found strongly species and locality dependent. As there is no risks related with the consumption of carp (Cyprinus carpio) at all investigated sites, frequent consumption of predatory fish should be avoided at some fishing grounds. The use of passive samplers has become more and more attractive in the last two decades. As these devices are able to mimic the biological uptake of chemicals, their potential for replacing fish as bioindicators in routine biomonitoring programmes is evident. In our study, the comparison between analysis of fish tissues and POCIS extracts from selected sampling sites confirms this idea about interchangeability of these indicators in the case of PFASs as target pollutants. Moreover, no metabolic transformation of contaminants present in water take place in passive samplers contrary to living organisms, thus these reflect the actual contamination at the locality more precisely. The use of passive samplers completely fulfils the internationally accepted principles of Replacement, Reduction, Refinement (the three R´s). Another promising approach using YOY fish as bioindicators was evaluated within the present study. Multispecies samples of YOY fish homogenate was found as a better indicator for wide range of pollutants than muscle tissue of adult fish within one species from the same locality. As all inner organs and tissues are presented in analysed samples, more target pollutants in higher concentrations are detected compared to the muscle of adults. Besides the higher sensitivity in pollutants detection and quantification, practical and economic benefits are of concern in the case of the YOY fish approach. The YOY fish approach also particularly fulfil the three R´s strategy, as sampling of this age group of fish has a smaller impact on the environment than the sampling of adults. In case of mercury, that was found as a limiting contaminant for the consumption of fish from open waters in the Czech Republic, a nonlethal method of finclips sampling can be used for the monitoring of this compound in aquatic environments. Besides the monitoring, our optimised method for the estimation of muscle tissue concentrations could be used for human health risk assessment as well. The difference between real muscle concentrations and concentrations estimated using our method differs less than 10% in most of the investigated localities. Benthic organisms are an important part of the food web in aquatic environments, but insufficient information about its contamination is available. In another study included in this thesis, first evidence about bioaccumulation of certain pharmaceuticals in benthic organisms was described. Although, pharmaceuticals are generally considered to be not accumulative in organisms, our study proved that certain pharmaceuticals have bioaccumulation potential. From this finding, it is evident that not only the concentrations of pharmaceutical dissolved in water but also the diet represents an important exposure pathway of contamination by these compounds for organisms (fish) inhabiting aquatic environments.
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Competitive advantage
Gregora, Jakub ; Tichá, Ivana (advisor) ; Pavel, Pavel (referee)
This diploma thesis was based on the main theme of Competitive advantage. The theoretical part of this thesis is concerned with concepts of competition, competitiveness and competitive advantage. Next part is based on analysis of outside surroundings where are specified the main methods of analysing company surroundings. The names of the methods are PEST analysis, SWOT analysis and Porter five forces. In the last part of theoretical thesis are explained types of innovation and innovation process.
The conceptual part of the diploma thesis is related to company Snag s.r.o. and its evolution in two periods. The aim of these analysis where to name the main elements with the biggest impact. In the end of the first period was made a decision about new company strategy. According to the new company strategy there was effected innovation process that created new product for selling. This innovation has had crucial market to the competitive position of the company. The implementation of the new strategy has started new periond of growing the company.
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Changes in wetlands - change trajectories, causes
Brašna, Vlastimil ; Skaloš, Jan (advisor) ; Josef, Josef (referee)
This thesis analyzes the historical development of wetlands in corn production areas in Moravia, Czech Republic. Wetlands were analyzed changes in time and space for a period of 180 years.
The main objective is to analyze the development of wetland habitats in the landscape using old maps, aerial photographs and GIS. The bases were of the Imperial Imprints of the Stable cadastre from the first half of the 19th century and contemporary orthophoto. There were also used GIS layers of the current location of wetlands, farmland, forests, rivers and waterways. In historical documents were evaluated by two categories 1) wet meadows and 2) swamps and marshes. In the current surface are only evaluated wetlands.
The total area is 18054 ha. The area of wetlands dramatically decreased from 108 ha in the first half of the 19th century on 14 ha in 2015. Most of the wetlands have been converted to agricultural land - arable land (72 %), meadows and pastures (12 %). Wetlands succession was transformed to bushes (5,4 %). There was 5 % of the deaths of wetlands built and drained. Most wetlands have been transformed due to the pressure on the production function of the landscape in order to get more food. In the first half of the 19th century it was dominated by wet meadows, they had 684 ha. Despite the disappearance of a large part of the wetlands created new wetlands, which have 12.4 hectares. Most newly created wetlands are located in the cadastral area of Mutěnice. Only one wetland (1.68 ha) remained unchanged, located in cadastral Čejč. This wetland had a history of more land (25.15 hectares) and has been linked with Čejčské Lake.
The main result of this work is to determine the trajectories of development of wetland ecosystems in the lowlands of Moravia. Descriptions of these trajectories have contributed to understanding influences on the development of wetlands. Results wetlands contribute to the development of knowledge in the field of landscape ecology. The results can be used to restore extinct wetlands and creation of new wetlands in the historic wet meadows. The information obtained can be used in landscape planning with regard to the protection and management of wetlands.
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Purpose of the educational trail in a park in Ostrov, "Horažďovice": evaluation, proposals
Lávička, Miroslav ; Skalický, Milan (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The thesis deals with educational trails (ET) of various thematic focuses, their purpose and ways of information presentation to visitors through various information panels.
The aim of the thesis was to document an area for a new educational trail in a park in Ostrov in the town Horažďovice. To achieve the goal a sociological research in the town public, employees of educational institutions and municipality was made. Making analyse and evaluation of the place for the educational trail, its madialisation and making an exemplary educational panel was very important.
The thesis suggests several hypothesis: whether town citizens visit educational trails, whether the trail needs an advertisement and if the increased interest has a negative influence in environment of the Ostrov park, whether people accept the educational trail in Ostrov park and if it is convenient for all population groups.
Through the questionaire it was found out that 71% of public visit the trails, 76% of teachers use it as a part of educational process. The public (69%) and the teachers (75%) agree with creating an educational trail in the Ostrov park. Only 11% of public and 19% of teachers know all the ET in the Horažďovice region. The public (78%) and the teachers (89) asked for more information and medialisation of ET. While making a new proposal of the trail and information panel the results of the survey were taken in the account.
Considering the regular upkeeping, facilities, and wheelchair roads, the park was found suitable for people of all ages (families with children, groups of teenagers, seniors, etc.) and disabled people.
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Abundance of house sparrow (Passer domesticus) and other synantropic species in small settlements around Prague
Řezáčová, Andrea ; Šmejdová, Lucie (advisor) ; Zasadil, Petr (referee)
In the surroundings of Prague, as well as in many other parts of Europe the population numbers of synanthropic species were reduced in recent years. These changes in abundance are attributed to the change of use of agricultural landscapes, the loss of small poultry farms and mainly a change in the character of the construction. The aim of this thesis was to ascertain the abundance of selected species of synanthropic birds and compared their numbers with the data obtained in 2012. In this study were also evaluated differences in the abundance of these species in the localities of old construction area and new construction area. There were selected 3 main leaders, house sparrow (Passer domesticus), tree sparrow (Passer montanus) and eurasian collared dove (Streptopelia decaocto) from all monitored species for the statistical processing of the results. Census was carried out in a total of 40 squares, 20 of which was located in an old construction area and 20 in the construction of the new. All of the site lies in an area with a high degree of suburbanization in the central region an in around of Prague. The study
area covered an area of 200 x 200 meters and were visited a total of twice during the nesting period in the spring of 2015. The results show the preferences of the old buildings for the house sparrow and the eurasian collared dove. Tree sparrow was more numerous in the localities, characterizing the new housing development. For eurasion collared dove was observed increasing trend in abundance, while in both species of sparrows was recorded its decline. The most numerous species was the house sparrow with a total of 209 individuals, on the contrary, at least individuals, 23, was noted for european serin (Serinus serinus).
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Winter Density of House Sparrow in Different types of Rural Settlements along the Czech – Austria Border
Oberpfalzerová, Michaela ; Zasadil, Petr (advisor) ; Šmejdová, Lucie (referee)
From the point of view of the Czech Republic in the last 80 years we can specify two periods, which had a significant impact on the general character and development in agriculture. The first period can be traced to the 50s of the last century, in which the concentration of agricultural production headed towards to factory farming. The second one began at the beginning of the 90s. At that time a sharp downtown of animal production occurred and the sooner concentrated production began, after the regaining by previous owners, to erode into what it is today private agriculture.
This thesis aims tocontribute to a confirmation of rejection of the hypothesis that the above described changes have a negative impact on the selected avian species. These species are represented by significantsynanthropic birds: house sparrow (which is a crucial representative in this thesis), tree sparrow and collared dove. Thirty municipalities were chosen to emphasize the differences in quantity of these species, half of them located on each side of the border with the Czech Republic and Austria. The comparison of quantities of bird populations took place in the surroundings of the cities Znojmo and Retz.In this thesis the Republic of Austria acts as a country which has not been burdened by a substantial economic development and which has applied the continuous market economy since the end of the Second World War.
In the individual squares the numbers of the representatives of the studied species and the environmental characteristics were recorded during the winter period. The significant differences in the numbers of birds at selected locations were demonstrated using a multifactor ANOVA STATISTICA 12. Moreover, the impact of selected environmental variables on the abundance of observed species was also analysed. It was found that the selected species depend on an inclusion into the individual states as well as on a classification into various biotope types. Finally, the dependence on the area of trees and bushes, the proportion of new buildings and the presence of poultry in the square were also observed. The most numerous species in the Republic of Austria was the house sparrow, the most abundant species in the Czech Republic was the collared dove. A slight increase in the occurrence of the collared dove was recorded in both states. Tree sparrow as a species occurred in relatively large numbers, but only locally. It was found that the populationsof the above mentioned species were generally more numerous in the Austrian municipalities. An interesting fact is that most of the observed individuals in the Czech Republic occurred in village built-up areas rather than in agricultural premises, as it was initially estimated.
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New trends in consumer behavior when purchasing food
Radoušová, Eva ; Hes, Aleš (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
This master thesis deals with consumer behavior when purchasing food. For the purpose of this thesis students from the Central Bohemia Region are chosen as a selected group of consumers.
The theoretical part sums up the knowledge related to the shopping behavior of consumers when buying food and influences on this behavior. The second part analyzes the shopping habits of the selected group of consumers. Shopping behavior is examined in terms of frequency of purchase, place of purchase, the most frequently purchased food categories, the main decision criteria when buying food, the impact of advertising and promotional discounts, the importance of information on food composition and the country of origin, interest in organic food and healthy lifestyle, willingness to try new food and approach to food purchases on the internet.
The final part interprets the new trends in consumer behavior of the selected group of consumers and formulates a set of recommendations both for the selected group of consumers and for food retailers.
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Participants in local development (Kácov, Chlum, Tichonice, Kladruby)
Jirků, Markéta ; Kocmánková Menšíková, Lucie (advisor) ; Pavel, Pavel (referee)
The main aim of this thesis is to compare and evaluate the importance of social activities, whether and how it contributes to quality and to the development of local life and local communities in the surveyed municipalities Chlum, Tichonice and Kladruby (municipalities under three hundred inhabitants) and compare the social activity of these municipalities with the thee times bigger township Kácov. The aim of this thesis is to find out the reason why smaller municipalities under three hundred inhabitants appear to be
as active as the larger township. The theoretical part defines the terminology related to the topic. The empirical part of the work consists of secondary and comparative data analysis of actors, activities, and community amenities. Secondary and comparative data analysis showed that social life in small municipalities is varied and rich especially
in entertainment, cultural and sport activities. Compared to the bigger township there is less folklore and education activities in smaller municipalities. It was found that the most active municipality is Kladruby with the activity ratio to population of 5,3%, followed by Tichonice with 3,6%, township Kácov with 3,3% and Chlum with 3%. It came out that there is not a direct correlation between the number of actors and social activity of the municipality. The activity of individual actors is different. It means that it is not the truth, that the more groups of actors are in the municipality, the more activities are held by the actors in the municipality. It was found that township Kácov disposes with the most diverse community amenities. Despite of a noticeable impact of community amenities on regularity of organizing activities, this factor is not the only condition for organizing activities. Deficiencies in community amenities can be partially replaced by well-functioning common organizing activities by actors, what is the factor what differentiate smaller municipalities from the large township. Exogenous approach was, over the last ten years, evident in all of the examined municipalities. There was obtained and invested financial resources to the municipalities community amenities, which allowed organizing new activities or continuing with organizing of existing activities. The empirical survey was carried out through semi-structured interviews with the actors operating in the public and nonprofit sector in the examined municipalities. A key factor in the activity organizing is community involvement connected with the mutual cooperation of individual actors (i.e. a combination of utilization of actor´s cultural and social capital). Smaller municipalities may not seem, to the interviewees actors, as active as three times bigger township. Reasons why smaller municipalities may seem as active as the larger township are more significant community involvement and a higher rate
of cooperation between actors in organizing activities in smaller communities. The social life plays an important role in all of the examined communities - especially in creating
and maintaining interpersonal relationships, in strengthening social cohesion, preserving the traditions and creating the relationship with the place. It was found and confirmed how important endogenous approach (active actor) in development of examined communities is. With the proper supplementation and harmonization with exogenous approach
can be the endogenous approach further stimulated.
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Optimization and application of in vitro techniques in selected members of the family Brassicaceae
Hilgert-Delgado, Alois Antonín ; Fernández Cusimamani, Eloy (advisor) ; Jana, Jana (referee)
This thesis is focused on the application and optimization of biotechnological methods within the family Brassicaceae. Most of this thesis is focused specifically the genus Brassica. The main objective of this dissertation thesis was to optimize and apply selected biotechnological methods in the resynthesis of oilseed rape (B. napus) from its baseline species (B. oleracea, CC and B. rapa, AA) and subsequently create valuable genetic plant materials.
The optimized procedure implemented in my work have exhibited better results of hybrid production (resynthesis) than in similar published experiments and provides a simplified and less laborious method via simple ovule culture and early hybrid verification.
The next accomplished step was to work with a wider range of materials using a broader source of different and contrasting genotypes from Brassica rapa (spring and winter oilseed and vegetable turnips) and B. oleracea (green and purple curly kales and cabbages) for new combinations and wider genetic diversity.
It was concluded that the optimized ovule culture protocol with early verification, developed in the framework of this thesis, is satisfactorily sufficient enough to be applicable in breeding programmes, aimed at diversity expansion of winter oilseed rape gene pool, as the resynthesized embryos were derived in most combinations.
New resynthesized verified lines were colchicine treated in order to obtain diploid regenerants and the fertile plants were self-pollinized and crossed with elite oilseed rape lines for further research and breeding.
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Economic Impacts of Social Policy on Selected Sectors of the Czech Economy
Kašparová, Kateřina ; Severová, Lucie (advisor)
We live in the 21st century, when more than ever solves finance, economy in terms of both the individual and the state, but also the European Union, which affects every Member State and the Czech Republic is no exception. State economic situation continues to affect both small and large companies, entrepreneurs and individuals who under the influence of the surrounding developments make decisions affecting not only the present but also the future. Economic decisions impinge on the functioning of the state authorities, which is taking steps to support the decision given on the company, such as electronic records of sales, taxation and other laws affecting their business. This impacts directly or indirectly to a particular individual moving in the country's economy. The aim of the dissertation is to express the economic impact in terms of social policy on selected sectors of the Czech economy, both theoretically and practically. The economic impact of social policy affects the financial situation of the economically active population who are hit by unexpected life situations. It is degraded in the social position due to declining economic level, which is then inadequate and social policies often do not sufficiently take into account the economic situation of the individual before and after the establishment of that situation. And the individual is often unable to adequately use the possibilities that social policy allows. The main reason is a lack of awareness, that should act on the individual before the emergence of the situation and create awareness in the people about the possibilities of resolving the situation. Unexpected life situations addressed by social policy, which is also solvable through its tools, job loss or inability to continue to engage in employment. Both options associated with a decrease in working capacity, which addresses social policy through the provision of disability pensions. These covers Czech Social Security Administration through district administrations throughout the country. The State influences the amount of disability pensions minimum the setting of wages, the basis of assessment, determination of the percentage amount of disability pension, including its reduction limits or minimum time required insurance. The aforementioned indicators in the calculation of invalidity pension, which becomes a very individual matter, but is influenced by the rules of 441,000 persons receiving this pension, which in the third. stage reaches an average amount of 10 262 CZK. With this funding slightly higher than the minimum wage, individuals must manage and deal with the new situation. Economic impacts caused by unexpected life situation affects not only the individual himself, but also its surroundings. To eliminate these negative economic impacts serve other instruments of social policy that could improve the financial situation. However, this is a significant administrative burden for which the required knowledge about the possibilities, which include care allowances, mobility allowances, certificate of persons with disabilities, but also the opportunity to appeal against the decision of the Czech Social Security Administration to withdraw and so improve its economic situation.
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