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Are body size and specific species colouration important cues for predator recognition by their potencial prey? Diplomová práce
Antonová, Kateřina ; Fuchs, Roman (advisor) ; Sedláček, Ondřej (referee)
I tested influence of a body size and overal colouration in feeders experiments on recognition of sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) by chosen species of passerine. Experiments were conducted in years 2015 ̶ 2018. I used a plush dummies which carried a specific featuress of raptor (hooked beak, claws) and specific features of genus Accipiter (yellow eyes, respectively yellow eyes and overal colouration). As a control, dummy of harmless pigeon was used. Smaller dummies (size of a great tit) were not recognized as a raptor regardless of colouration. Large dummies with colouration of great tit and pigeon were not recognized as a raptor as well. On a contrary, large dummy with colouration of robin was recognized as a raptor, respectively sparrowhawk. Most birds who were flying to the feeders, at first payed attention to global features (size, overal colouration). If these features belong to well-known harmless bird, then local features (particular) which characterize raptor or sparrowhawk had no effect. Birds did not pay attention to them. Therefore it depends on a context, in which potential local key features occure.
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Analýza genů podmiňujících zbarvení velkého münsterlandského ohaře
FRYŠOVÁ, Adéla
The target of this thesis was to obtain a sufficient number of DNA samples from individuals Breed Large Münsterländer and they perform genotyping newly described mutation c.555> G in exon 2 of the gene TYRP1. In the case of this mutation in the breed we studied, another aim of the work was to propose breeding measures that would limit the spread of this undesirable mutation. At the beginning of the literary overview, the breed of the great Münsterlander, his history, the breed, the standard with an emphasis on the permitted coloring and the current breeding of a large Mässlandlander in the Czech Republic. The thesis describes the individual genetic foundations of coloring and explains the principles of the methods used in their own work. In its own work genotyping was performed on the mutation in exon 2 of the TYRP1 gene by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing methods. This mutation was not demonstrated in either of the 113 tested individuals of the Greater Münsterlander. It was also used of the available commercial tests previously described mutations in the gene TYRP1 on which were worked out plans for auxiliary mating as an aid to farmers to avoid the herd to increase the number of recessive homozygotes undesirable brown coat color or heterozygotes, who carry a mutated allele.
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Signaling function of plumage coloration in Yellowhammer males
Kauzál, Ondřej ; Petrusková, Tereza (advisor) ; Šálek, Miroslav (referee)
Sexual selection theory tries to explain evolution of apparently useless traits which mainly developed in males of numerous species. One such trait is also rich and vibrant coloration, typical for many of the bird species. These traits are difficult to be falsified, and therefore they honestly signal quality of the individual. Carotenoid coloration reflects the health condition and melanin coloration the social status, even though this traditional division might not be as strict according to the latest studies. Apart from these ways of maintaining honesty, recent studies are focusing more also on the effect of hormones, mainly two steroids: male sexual hormone - testosterone -, and the "stress" hormone - corticosterone. Both hormones could positively influence male's sexual traits such as ornamental coloration. On the other hand, elevated levels of these hormones possess risk to the organism (higher energetic expenditure, chronic stress), therefore also might potentially become costly. Using photographs of birds in standardized conditions as well as spectrophotometry I analyzed the plumage coloration of males of the Yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella). Concentrations of testosterone and corticosterone deposited in feathers were analyzed using the LC-MS/MS. Also, for males in breeding season 2015,...
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Behavioural correlates of lizard colouration
Bauerová, Anna ; Frynta, Daniel (advisor) ; Rehák, Ivan (referee)
The coloration is a significant animal attribute which can be examined from the view of phylogenesis, ontogenesis, ecology or life-history parameters. In this thesis the method of coloration quantification and pattern complexity was developed, with the focus on Leopard gecko (Eublepharidae) family. are one of the most commonly breeded lizards, the great part of their popularity being due to their attractive "leopard" coloration. Yet we only know a little about their "wild" coloration. They have become an important organism for many etological and physiological experiments, the distinct color pattern change during ontogenesis being especially unusual. These aspects make them an ideal subject for coloration change and affecting parameters analysis. The results of this work show clear ekological pattern for coloration. The amount of black color correlates with the humidity and abundance of vegetation in the habitat of the species. The coloration quantification was also verified using spectrophotometry, which confirmed the original assumptions for colors included in the pattern. Given the absence of UV reflectance in the Leopard gecko pattern, we can assume that the UV spectrum pattern is not an essential parameter. Therefore, the photographies can be used for quantification as well. It is apparent...
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Exterior changes during dog domestication
Wagnerová, Lucie ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Čapková, Zuzana (referee)
Domestication of a dog is a long-term proces which consists of series of modifications of various physiological and behavioral traits. There are several different opinions on the period when domestication started and on the original reasons of domestication. Archeological excavations of wolf skeletons were founded in Southeast Asia, America and in Europe. The oldest findings are 150000 years old. These excavations were especially found in China. Younger findings are 15000 - 33000 years old. Study of mitochondrial DNA supports the idea that the main center of domestication is the Southeast Asia. Currently there are two regions considered to be the center of domestication - Southeast Asia and Middle East.
The idea that wolf is an ancestor of a dog can be proved by the excavations found for example in Germany or in Předmostí u Přerova in Czech Republic.
During the domestication process there has been several changes at dogs - ethological changes and changes of the exterior of a dog. Behavior, vocalisation and response to human signals belong to ethological changes. Changes of exterior are especcially change of skin, length of limbs, shape and position of ears, size of skull, structure, length and colour of fur. Three types of skull can be found at current breeds - brachycephalic, mesocephalic and dolichocephalic skull. Dogs with the brachycephalic skull can suffer some health problems more often. There are three main genes which influence the structure and length of fur - RSPO2, FGF5 and KRT71. Based on these genes there were described mutations which influence different length of fur and different structure of fur. Relating absence of fur at several breed (for example Peruvian Hairless Dog) there were described mutations of gene FOX13. The coloring of fur is affected by productions of two types of melanin - eumelanin and feomelanin. Production of these pigments is controlled especially by genes MC1R, CBD103, ASIP, TYRP1. In this work we will compare all these changes (exterior and ethological) with the ancestor of dog - with a wolf.
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Changes in pigmentation of animals during domestication
Ariskina, Sofya ; Hofmanová, Barbora (advisor) ; Kracíková, Olga (referee)
In this work there are described, based on different experiments, and on the basis of them written articles about changes of different types of animals in the course of domestikation. It is supposed that this process began 15 thousand years ago. Here a described main scenarios which show the reasons and ways of the beginning of domestication, and some main places where this process began.
But it is much more important that in the course of the domestication there was a big number of morphological, anatomic and physiological changes in which consequence wild animals gradually turned into domestic ones. These changes, whether it be considerable change of the corporal sizes, reduction of a brain, changes in nervous system, emergence of trailing ears or big quantity of various coat colors, testifies that animals lost the need to survive independently and began to depend partially or completely on people.
But a main goal of this work is to describe and explain the development of new, not existing in wild animals coat colors which are connected to the domestication process and, later, to the selection process, made by people. The general sign of all domesticated animals chosen and selected incidentally or intentionally on any signs is emergence of spottiness and heterogeneity of coat coloring, gradually turning into other colourings that are absolutely not typical for wild animals because in the wild nature would draw attention of predators or mark.
Also here is described the genetic component of process of emergence of new coat colors caused by a different ratio of an eumelanin and a feomelanin, and also various gene mutations (for ex. MC1R, ASIP ets.).
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Onemocnění související s mutacemi genů pro zbarvení psů
KARLÍKOVÁ, Ludmila
I focused on the relationship between genes for coat color and certain diseases. In this thesis, I made summary of current knowledge in genetics of coat color. Basic informations about genes (location, mutations etc.), their alleles (number, phenotype etc.) and relation with diseases are listed in this summary of genes. Separate part of my work is dedicated to the most common diseases associated with genes for coat color.
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Color of Body by Dytiscidae: Variability and Possible Function
HOKROVÁ, Monika
The aim of this thesis was to establish a photographic database of selected species of diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) and use image analysis to characterize the number and extent of colour spots. Altogether 52 species were analyzed. They were classified into fourgroups based on their environmental characteristics provided in the Catalogue of water beetles of Czech Republic. The results confirmedthe hypothesis that the colour of adult diving beetles is correlated to their habitat preferences.
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Analysis of genetic disposition of colouring in selected populations in the Czech Republic
BALCAROVÁ, Anna
The aim of this thesis was to analyze the genetic foundation of color in a selected population of horses in Czech Republic. For the analysis, I chose horse breed Paint horse. I characterized this breed, dealing with pigmentation and characteristic colors and patterns in the Paint horse. I also described the methods that I then used in the practical part. It was collected 11 blood samples from horses, in which was detected the presence of KIT gene mutation.
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