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Use of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis for Determination of Selected Analgetics in Water
Čapka, Lukáš ; Opatřilová, Radka (referee) ; Márová, Ivana (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
From viewpoint of environmental analysis in the whole world became popular in the latest years the question of drugs’ breakthrough to the component of environment. These contami-nants belong to the biological active compounds, with different physical-chemical and biolog-ical properties and evince great tendency to bioaccumulation. They penetrate to the environ-ment because of their increasing of usage and wrong techniques of liquidation. The most often use drugs are preparations against pain – analgetics, and from this category there are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The frequent usage of this compounds relate to their easy accessibility. From this large group of compounds was chosen for monitoring: diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, salicylic acid, naproxen and acetaminophen; because they include in favorite preparations. The monitoring matrix was the wastewater from two waste water treat-ment plants (WWTP). The sampling was performed in inflow and outflow because the com-paring of concentration of selected contaminants and discovering of efficiency of removing the polutants reliance on treatment technology. For extraction of selected contaminants was used solid phase extraction (SPE) and for determination was used capillary zone electrophore-sis (CZE) with diode array detection (DAD). There was identified and quantified all of se-lected analgetics in inflow and so in outflow of WWTP. That means, this polutants infuse into surface water and then into other components of environment.
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The Use of Liquid Chromatography for Determination of Drug Residues
Dvořáková, Petra ; Hajšlová, Jana (referee) ; Chýlková, Jaromíra (referee) ; Sokol, Jozef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This work is based on the occurrence of drug residues in the environment. This study is focused on the development and optimization methods for determination of selected drugs in the surface water, aquatic sediment and sewage sludge from waste water treatment plant. From the group of drugs were chosen antibiotics. Antibiotics presented in the environment can cause adverse effects including toxic effects, immunity disorders and indirect bioalteration effects. Sulfonamide antibiotics, which are used in the treatment of urinary and respiratory tract infections as well as in the treatment of other infectious diseases, were chosen as a target compounds. Three optimized analytical methods for determination of sulfonamide antibiotics were developed. For the optimization of extraction were tested: solid phase extraction, pressurized solvent extraction, microwave extraction and ultrasonic extraction. For the final analysis was used liquid chromatography with two detectors - diode array detector and mass spectrometer. These optimized methods were applied for the analysis of real samples. The surface water and sediment samples were collected from two Moravian rivers (the Svratka river and the Svitava river). Samples of sewage sludge were collected from waste water treatment plant Brno-Modřice. Fish samples from the Svratka river were also collected. It was observed that all the selected sulfonamide antibiotics are present in real sediment samples (ug.kg-1). Simultaneously presence of some target analytes in real surface water (ug.l-1) and in sewage sludge (ug.kg-1) samples has been confirmed. In samples of surface water from the Svitava river and in fish samples sulfonamide antibiotics were not detected or their concentrations were below the limit of detection.
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Determination of beta-blockers in wastewater
Csabová, Dominika ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
The thesis discusses the issue of pharmaceuticals in the environment. Beta – blockers are clinically important drugs which are highly used to treat cardio-vascular diseases such as hypertension, arrhytmia and angina pectoris. This group of drugs was chosen because of their already proven toxicity on aquatic organisms. The matrix examined was a wastewater from a wastewater treatment plant of a University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences in Brno. The thesis focuses on an optimization of an analytical method for the identification and quantification of analytes in this group of drugs. A solid- phase extraction ( SPE) was used for the isolation of analytes in a wastewater sample. A method of ultra - high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) with the UV-VIS detection using a diode array detector (DAD) was used for the final analysis. Target analytes were metoprolol and propanolol.
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Study of Exposure PBDE and Perfluorinated Compounds into Aquatic Ecosystem
Vondráčková, Ilona ; Chýlková, Jaromíra (referee) ; Hroch, Martin (referee) ; Kráčmar, Stanislav (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
In the presented PhD. thesis, problems covering occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and perfluorinated compounds in the environment were solved. The study was focused on identification and further verification of optimal methods in order to determine PBDEs and perfluorinated compounds sampled from the aquatic ecosystem. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers belong to persistent compounds classified as main pollutants; within the environmental constituents, they have been observed particularly in the last decade. For these studies, there were selected surface water matrices and sediments taken in various localities within the river Svratka basin. The analyses were to demonstrate whether they accumulate and remain in these specific matrices for longer time. There we assessed the congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers as follows: BDE-28, 47, 66, 85, 99, 100, 153, 154 and 183. In order to isolate them from matrices, various extraction techniques were used, i.e., ultrasonic extraction, microwave extraction, and pressure solvent extraction. Gas chromatography method with electron capture detection (GC/ECD) was selected for determination. The accomplished studies also assessed basic chemical, physical and environmental characteristics of diphenyl ethers in the environmental constituents. The attention was also paid to perfluorooctanoic compounds (PFOA), (PFOS) and (FOSA); physico-chemical properties of these organic pollutants were characterised and their toxicological and environmental aspects were evaluated. Usability of extraction techniques (ultrasonic extraction, pressure solvent extraction, solid phase extraction) applied to PFCs isolation from sediments samples was assessed. Identification and quantification of these analytes were performed using a high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method (HPLC/MS). After that, the optimized methods applied to real samples. Surface water and sediments were sampled within the river Svratka basin, in particular, from 19 sampling localities. PBDE occurrence was confirmed in sediments samples from the Svratka river (g.kg-1), PBDE were not detected in the surface water samples, their concentrations were below the detection limit, resp.; perfluorinated compounds were not detected in sediments and water samples at all.
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Study of the availability of antibiotics in soil
Hroncová, Michala ; Landová, Pavlína (referee) ; Řezáčová, Veronika (advisor)
The diploma thesis is focused on the determination of tetracyclines, sulfonamides and fluoroquinolones from soil. Antibiotics such as tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline. ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, sulfamethaxazole and sulfadiazin were selected due to frequent use in veterinary medicine. Due to the fact that the soil is a complex matrix and contains many components that can interfere with the detection signal of analytes, it was necessary to use the MAX column in the SPE method, which removes fulvic aned humic acid from analytes and the HLB column Final analysis of the analytes was performed by liquid chromatography with mass detesction (LC-MS). The method was also used for real soil samples, which were delivered from ÚKZUS.
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Determination of antibiotics in the soil ecosystem
Brož, Tomáš ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
This work deals with a current issue of increasing drug concentrations and thus the growing number of resistant bacteria in the soil. One of the problem helping this issue is the fertilization of agricultural fields with animal faeces, in which antibiotics occur in an unchanged and still active form, as well as the insufficient effectiveness of conventional methods used in wastewater treatment plants. In an effort to improve the monitoring of this problem, a method for the determination of these antibacterial agents in the soil matrix, using solid phase extraction, and also a UPLC/MS method for their evaluation have been developed and optimized. From the group of sulfonamide antibiotics, sulfacetamide, sulfadiazole, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfapyridine, sulfasalazine, sulfathiaosal and trimethoprim were selected. The lowest limit of detection for the method is 0.3 µg/g for sulfathiazole and the highest of 8.1 µg/g for sulfasalazine. The highest average yields were achieved with sulfamethoxazole, namely 63 ±8 %.
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Determination of antibiotics in the wastewater
Suková, Petra ; Tulková, Tereza (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This thesis deals with problem of antibiotics, substances used in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in human and veterinary medicine. Have been discussed aminopenicillins antibiotics from the group of antibiotics, particularly ampicillin and amoxicillin, which are one of the most frequently prescribed antibiotics in both the Czech Republic and in the world now. Drug substances together with wastewater pass into the wastewater treatment plant where sewage process does not remove the drug from the treated water entirely. Drug substances can be penetrate into the other components of the environment in the result, especially in surface water and soil, where they can have adverse effects on organisms living there. For the isolation of analytes from samples of wastewater was selected solid phase extraction (SPE). For final analysis of antibiotics was used method of ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with UV-VIS detection with diode array detector and method of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Based on the optimization of analytical techniques was especially ampicillin chosen as analyte isolated from the matrix of waste water. Analysis of the wastewater was conducted for a total of four days of influent and effluent wastewater treatment plant in Brno-Modřice and wastewater treatment plant which is situated in area of the Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University in Brno.
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Study of micropolutant removal at the root sewage treatment plant
Pešková, Karolína ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
This bachelor thesis focuses in the theoretical part on explaining the concept of a root sewage treatment plant. There is also a more detailed description of these root sewage treatment plants functioning. Attention is paid to the phases of root sewage treatment plants, their basic functional principles, vegetation, selected pharmaceuticals and methods of their determination. In the experimental part, samples of wastewater from the root sewage treatment plant in Dražovice in Vyškov District, were processed. Eight selected drugs (atenolol, azithromycin, diclofenac, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, clarithromycin, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim) were monitored in wastewater. These drugs were isolated from wastewater by solid phase extraction and then a method for identification and quantification was used – liquid chromatography with mass detection.
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Determination of macrolides in wastewater during the technology applied to wastewater treatment plants
Landová, Pavlína ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Diploma thesis is focused on determination of macrolide antibiotics in wastewater. Environmental contamination with drugs currently represents a major problem. To determine the level of contamination is necessary to develop the appropriate analytical techniques. From the group of macrolide antibiotics were selected four representatives: erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin and roxithromycin due to their frequent use in Czech Republic. For their isolation from wastewater was selected solid phase extraction and for analysis high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection was chosen. Under optimized conditions, the ten days analysis of wastewater from the WWTP Brno-Modřice, two days analysis of wastewater from the WWTP Mikulov and one day analysis of wastewater from WWTP of University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno was performed.
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The issue of determination of beta-blockers in surface waters
Košík, Juraj ; Píšťková, Veronika (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This bachelor´s thesis deals with the issue of increasing concentration of pharmaceuticals in the environment. The most worldwide prescribed medications with the most frequently detection in the environment are -blockers. These compounds are clinically important drugs which are extensively used for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension, arrhythmia and angina pectoris. It is important to monitor the concentration levels of blockers in aquatic environment due to their acute and chronic toxicity towards aquatic organisms. This study is focused on development and optimization of analytical method of determination of these compounds. The monitored matrixes were surface water from two rivers, Váh (Slovakia) and Dyje (Czech Republic) and waste water form waste water treatment plant (WWTP) Brno-Modřice. The analytes from water samples using solid phase extraction (SPE) were isolated. For the final analysis ultra-high performance liquid chromatograph with UV-VIS detection using diode array detector (DAD) was used. As the target compounds atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol were selected.
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