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Folate and its role in early embryonic development of higher vertebrates.
Zahradníková, Hana ; Tlapáková, Tereza (advisor) ; Procházková, Michaela (referee)
Folate or vitamin B9 is an essential water-soluble nutrient that takes part in important cellular processes. These include amino acid metabolism, methylation, and nucleotide synthesis, the last two of which play a key role in early embryonic development. It was approximately 30 years ago when folic acid supplementation was confirmed to help prevent embryonic neural tube defects and since then an intake of 400 µg of folate a day has been recommended to all women of childbearing age. Despite this, folate deficiency is a relatively common phenomenon and during pregnancy can lead to congenital malformations and pregnancy complications. This bachelor thesis summarizes the latest findings on the association of neural tube defects and miscarriages with single-nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding folate metabolism enzymes in humans, focusing mainly on the gene encoding the enzyme 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). Furthermore, this thesis deals with potential mechanisms of the folate's protective effect which could participate in the prevention of neural tube defects and are studied mainly on model organisms. Key words: folate, embryo, neural tube defects, MTHFR, homocysteine, miscarriage, single-nucleotide polymorphisms
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The role of family and close social relationships in the narratives of Israeli women who experienced stillbirt
Dargan, Keren ; Hasmanová Marhánková, Jaroslava (advisor) ; Tučková, Anna (referee)
This thesis examines the social context of stillbirth and its impact on women's life and on their relationships with their family members. The study sample includes 8 adult women from Israel. Israel is a country characterized by a high number of children in families and the centrality of religion in society. The methodology used in this study was semi-structured interviews. Our results were similar to those of previous studies in terms of the partner's attitude to the event. On the other hand, the results included novel findings regarding other family members' coping with the stillbirth event. Solidarity and other types of empathy were found to be relevant according to women's stories; whereas some filial norms were met with more ambivalent responses. This thesis demonstrates the importance of intergenerational solidarity, the mass influence of cultural context and ambivalence within everyday situations and the meaning of empathy from close family members. Particular attention needs to be paid to the intergenerational perspective, which focuses on the family (couple, divorced or single units) or the wider society in which they live. Moreover, the experience of particular social groups further exploration; for instance, single mothers and surrogates.
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The issue of abortion in today's society
Víšková, Martina ; Ovečka, Libor (advisor) ; Fošum, Jan (referee)
The issue of abortion in today's society The thesis tries to clarify the rational aspect of abortion. However a religious viewpoint is not the main topic of this thesis, the author does not leave it out and one separate chapter of this work is dedicated to it. The authoralso tries to find an answer whether it is possible to consider an abortion to be ethical and in what conditions. The thesis is trying to explain various aspects of abortion in the Czech Republic as well as abroad, it is also following a medical view - point and various executive methods of abortions. There is an aspiration to refer to the historical advancement of abort opinion and to resolve an origin of this problem. Disposition of this work is to disclose not only the moral aspects but also the feelings of the woman experiencing an abort including after-effects on her. The important chapter there is the postabortal syndrome which is not accepted as a medical diagnosis associated with psychological effects of abort. There is a short questionnaire inserted in the thesis which refers to some women's opinions and experiences. Keywords abortion, sorts of abortion, abortion and mental health, unwanted children, the dispute over the status of the embryo
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Rational View of Abortion
Víšková, Martina ; Ovečka, Libor (advisor) ; Štica, Petr (referee)
The rational aspect of abort Abstract The Diploma thesis "The rational aspect of abort" try to clarification rational aspect of abort. However a religious viewpoint is not the main topic of this thesis, author doesn't leave it out and one separate chapter of this work is dedicated to it. Author endeavours to find an answer whether it is possible to consider an abort to be ethical and in what conditions. The thesis is trying to explain various aspects of abort in Czech Republic as well as abroad, it is also following a medical view-point and various executive methods of aborts. There is an aspiration to refer to the historical advancement of abort opinion and to resolve an origin of this problem. Disposition of this work is to disclose not only the moral aspects but also the feelings of the woman experiencing an abort including after-effects on her. The important chapter there is the postabortal syndrome which is not accepted as a medical diagnosis associated with psychological effects of abort. There is a short questionaire inserted in the thesis which refers to some women's opinions and experiences. Keywords abortion, sorts of abortion, abortion and mental health, unwanted children, the dispute over the status of the embryo
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Abortion and men's role
Čermáková, Anežka ; Hrešanová, Ema (advisor) ; Marková Volejníčková, Romana (referee)
This thesis deals with research of men, who have experience with abortion of their girlfriends. My research attention was focused on men, who experienced abortion on their own. In Czech Republic almost no researches about men and abortion have been conducted and that is the reason why I started with this research. My research consists of a semi- structured interviews with five men. By analytical process of coding I created eight categories. We expect from men that they will be support for their girlfriends and they also want to act like that and be supportive. Men want take care of their partner. Men's role is to be support in this situation. They are aware of that this problem is mainly about women and that abortion is happening on woman body. But men want to be part of this situation. If they are not, they feel useless. After abortion they usually feel relief or sometimes guilt. But their emotions are varied. Abortion is also important incident for relationship between man and woman. Both usually think about future of the relationship.
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Abortion and conscientious objection
KLUCKÁ, Veronika
The aim of this thesis called Interruption of Pregnancy and Conscientious Objection is to observe opinions related to the issue. The research is focused on the points of view of the medical staff and the doctors of the gynaecological and obstetrical ward of the hospital of Písek. The theoretical part is divided into three parts and it is mainly focused on defining terms. The first chapter is engaged in interruption of pregnancy. Furthermore, it is focused on defining the term - abortion, methods of interruption and different points of view on interruption of pregnancy. The second chapter is engaged in the issue of conscientious objection and the role of social workers regarding abortions. Three research questions are set for accomplishing the goal. There is a semi -structured interview used within the qualitative research for answering the research questions. Ten employees of the gynaecological and obstetrical ward of the hospital of Písek are included in the research sample. Overwhelming majority of the medical staff and the doctors of the gynaecological and obstetrical ward of the hospital of Písek do not use the right to conscientious objection related to abortions. The results also point out that the medical staff and the doctors prefer the state of health of the patient to their own conscience and beliefs regarding the issue. Following chapters are engaged in arguments pros and cons in connection with conscientious objection and interruption of pregnancy. End results could be used as a source of information about the issue.
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Legal and ethical status of the human embryo through the eyes of the young generation
WÁGNEROVÁ, Lucie
There has been the question of the approach to the unborn human foetus which has been dealt with for many years. The moral, ethic or legal questions appear during the discussions. In this context we could find many different opinions related to the upbringing, religion or morality. It is hard to find any general agreement. Nowadays there are new questions connected to the intervention of reproduction, the research of embryo cells or the issues of abortion, which is perceived as the women's right. There are about 44 billions of abortions these days. According to these problems there is the need of the social discussion about the understanding of embryo and when we can consider it as a human being. The theoretical part of my bachelor thesis deals with the legal point of view to the role of human embryo and its securing in our legal system. The Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms, which is a part of the Constitution of the Czech Republic, determines that everybody has the right for living as well as the human life should be protected before the delivery. There is not and there also cannot be determined clearly when the human life begins. The answer for this question is connected to the moral and ethic principles. My thesis deals with the different points of view to this question, if the fertilized ovum is or is not the human. There are also many various arguments about when we can consider the genesis of human life. The answer for these questions is not clear and we cannot find out the definite concordance. The other part of my thesis deals with ethic dilemmas connected to the abortion and the intervention to the reproduction as well as the problems of cloning. The practical part of my bachelor's thesis deals with the legal and ethic status of embryo mainly to the questions of the genesis of human life and the problems of the abortion. This thesis do not provide the clear answer to the question since when we can date the genesis of the life but it represents the opinions of the young generation (18 - 30 years old). The main aim of the research was to find out the point of view of the young people in the Czech Republic. There were questions about the reaction to the unborn child, the genesis of human life, who decides about the life of the unborn child and the abortion. I compare the questions according to the sex, ages, religion and parenthood. The practical part was made by the quantitative research questionnaires. It consists of 250 respondents who were asked by the on-line or printed questionnaire. It was chosen the young generation between 18 - 30 years old. The questionnaire contains seven fact-finding questions and four distinctive ones. It was worked with the data which were acquired from the questionnaire. The first hypothesis, 50% of respondents believe that the human life begins with the conception, was not confirmed. There were only 30% of respondents who believe that question. The second hypothesis, the approval of abortion, was confirmed because there were 90% respondents who agreed. The third hypothesis could not be confirmed. In the discussion the results were compared with the opinions of the authors from the theoretical part of my thesis. The end of my thesis deals with the general results. We cannot find the right answer to the question of the beginning of human life. Every person has a subjective point of view. We should realize every possible risks and think about who has the right to intervene to the substance of human life and how far can technology goes. This bachelor's thesis do not have the clear opinion but it provides the facts and the suggestion for thinking for creating its own attitude to these questions.
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Infection in pregnancy
KŘÍŽOVÁ, Hana
This bachelor thesis on the topic of infection in pregnancy is divided into theoretical and research part. The roles of a midwife in the field of infection in pregnancy are described in the theoretical part. Furthermore there is description of chosen bacterial, viral and parasitic infections that is based on professional literature. Symptoms, diagnostics, therapy in pregnancy and the influence of infection on pregnancy or foetus are characterised for every type of infection. The research part of this bachelor theses focuses on the finding of knowledge of pregnant women and mothers of one or more children about infectious diseases in pregnancy and their prevention. We were also investigating, if women were informed about infections in pregnancy and their prevention during prenatal care, then who provides them the information and to what extent. Quantitative research was chosen for the research investigation and the data were collected with the technique of questionnaire survey. Distribution of the questionnaires was made electronically. Total amount of respondents was 140, of which 86 were primiparas and 54 were multiparas. The collected data were processed in Microsoft Excel 2010 programme and to verify the validity of hypothesis the chi-quadrate test with 5% level of importance was used. The research showed that multiparas have more knowledge than primiparas. Hypothesis 1, which presupposed that awareness of prevention of infectious diseases in pregnancy of multiparas is higher than of primiparas, was confirmed. Hypothesis 2, which presupposed that the awareness of multiparas of the impact of infectious diseases on foetus is higher than of primiparas was confirmed as well. However, one disturbing finding was that pregnant women are in most cases not informed about the prevention and impact of infections in pregnancy during their prenatal care. Hypothesis 3 presupposed that midwives educate the primiparas more than multiparas and this hypothesis was not confirmed. According to the results of this research, it is necessary to put greater emphasis on the education of pregnant women in the field of infections in pregnancy and this education should be provided by both midwives and doctors during prenatal care. The emphasis should be put mostly on prevention and in the case of occurrence of some infection the emphasis should be laid on early treatment of infection. This bachelor thesis can be used as educational material for pregnant women or for women, who are planning to get pregnant. The thesis can also become a source of information for students of healthcare fields, for midwives and for other healthcare staff.
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Woman and miscarriage
GALLOVÁ, Nikola
This bachelor thesis deals with the midwifery care of a woman with miscarriage. The thesis specifically focuses on the care of women, who suffered spontaneous miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy or artificial termination of pregnancy from the medical indication. The first goal of this thesis was to find out how midwives help to fulfil the needs of women, who suffered miscarriage, and the second goal was to find out the women's satisfaction with the midwifery care. This thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The definition of miscarriages and abortions according to Czech legislation is described in the theoretical part. The theoretical part further contains of detailed description of causes, clinical stages, diagnostics and therapy of spontaneous miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy. The methods and complications of artificial termination of pregnancy in the first and second trimester are also discussed there. A very important part of the theoretical part is created by the chapter that deals with psychosocial aspects of miscarriage. This chapter also covers the topics of experiencing miscarriage from a Man's point of view and the process of mourning, but this chapter is also dedicated directly to the topic of midwife care of a woman with miscarriage. Qualitative research was carried out in the practical part of this thesis and its goals were to find out how midwives help to fulfil the needs of women, who suffered miscarriage, and to find out the women's satisfaction with the midwifery care. The research data were gained with the help of semi-structured interviews and they were carried out with seven respondents, who at least once in a lifetime suffered miscarriage. The interviews were recorded with the consent of respondents, then transcribed, analyzed with the "pencil-paper" method and processed into six categories (Communication, Awareness, Needs, Midwifery care, Partner and Mourning). These categories were further subdivided into subcategories. Three main research questions were chosen for the research part of the thesis. The first question examined how midwives satisfy bio-psycho-socio-spiritual needs of women, who suffered miscarriage. The research showed that the midwifery care of biological needs is generally precise but the care of psycho-socio-spiritual needs is adequate only for women, who suffered miscarriage in the second trimester of pregnancy. For women, who suffered miscarriage in the first trimester, these needs were not in most cases sufficiently satisfied. The second research question sounded how women evaluate the midwifery care during the miscarriage. Research suggests that women were mostly satisfied with the care of their physical side and with the stuff expertise but some respondents were not satisfied with the care of the psychical side. The women mostly missed empathy in communication and the interest in women's experiencing of the miscarriage and they expressed the lack of information. The third research question examined how midwives help women to manage their situation. The answers of respondents showed that the biggest help for women is empathy, appropriate communication, sufficient information and interest in their experiencing of miscarriage and their psyche and also ensuring their privacy and intimacy. The women also appreciated when their partner could be present during miscarriage or at least during hospitalization after miscarriage. The research investigation showed that for women, miscarriage is really very challenging and traumatizing experience. It showed up that appropriate attitude of midwives can really help women to manage their situation. According to the research results, there was created an instructional leaflet for midwives dealing with the midwife care of women with miscarriage. The leaflet can serve midwives as help during the care of these women and it can help to improve their care.
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