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Judgment and Action. On the Concept of Judging in Arendt and Gadamer
Novák, Jakub ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee) ; Holub, Štěpán (referee)
The dissertation focuses on the theme of practical judgment (i.e. judgment related to human action) in Hannah Arendt and Hans-Georg Gadamer. Despite substantial differences in philosophical approaches, perspectives and motivation, I show that there are important areas of overlapping. I approach the problem of judgment in a systematic way, being fully aware that especially Hannah Arendt does not treat judgment systematically; what is more, a book she meant to dedicate to the problem of judging remained unwritten. The dissertation is divided into three parts. I start with the relation between judgment and rules. The second theme is judgments' validity, especially the specific kind of validity of political and moral judgments, while the third part concentrates on how judgment is related to other people and the world. I also try to evaluate the way Arendt interprets Kant's theory of aesthetic judgment as well as Gadamer's criticism of Kant. In the third part I investigate not so well known areas of Gadamer's and Arendt's philosophy such as their notion of solidarity and the way how they grasp the relation between judgment and responsibility (or responsibility of judgment, both towards one's own self and towards the world).
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The Relationship Between Cognitive and Emotional Processes in Executive Functioning
Novák, Ondřej ; Stehlík, Luděk (advisor) ; Uhlář, Pavel (referee)
This thesis provides brief overview of key surveys and theories dealing with the influence emotions have on selected executive functions (decision making and judgment). It discusses the issue using the theoretical framework of cognitive-experiential Self-theory (CEST), and emphasizes current knowledge and experimental approaches. It describes various approaches to understanding of emotions and their influence, such as the theories of emotional valence and affect, embodied emotions or motivational role of emotions. The thesis includes a quality research design aimed on emotional goals of specific basic emotions (fear, anger, sadness and joy). The results will provide a theoretical framework for the "feeling-is- for-doing" approach focused on the motivational component of emotions, allowing to examine it empirically.
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Does consciousness exhaust the nature of thought? The meaning of Descartes's term "cogitare"
Sedláková, Jana ; Palkoska, Jan (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to deal with the problems which arise from interpretations of Descartes' term "cogitare". It concentrates on the deconstruction of the orthodox interpretations which explain the term "cogitare" as "to be conscious". The thesis aims at introducing three alternative interpretations from Czech academic environment, the one of James Hill, of Petr Glombíček, and of Tomáš Marvan. I would like to refer to the problems of orthodox reading as well as to benefits and losses of the other interpretations. I will proceed through analysis of sensory perceptions, emotions and dream. The purpose of the thesis is not to find the definite meaning of "cogitare", but to make the readers familiar with these problems and their interpretations which I find more plausible than the orthodox interpretation. The term "consciousness" is a complex term which needs to be explained in order to be capable of explaining other philosophical problems. Keywords: Descartes, thinking, consciousness, sensory perceptions, emotions, dream, self-reflection, judgment, propositional content
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Heuristics and biases: A model of intuitive judgement
Bahník, Štěpán ; Bahbouh, Radvan (advisor) ; Stehlík, Luděk (referee)
The present work describes the model of heuristic judgment of Kahneman & Frederick (2002) and two experiments based upon it. According to the model people answer a question with an answer to an easier question when making a heuristic judgment. This process is called the attribute substitution because a target attribute of a question is substituted by an associated and easier accessible heuristic attribute. The first experiment investigated whether two heuristic attributes can be used simultaneously during making of a judgment. A part of participants gave 1 or 4 reasons for one of the statements in Linda problem (Tversky & Kahneman, 1983). Numbers of reasons were selected so as to produce a feeling of fluency of disfluency. Although the conjunction fallacy occurred, the writing of the reasons didn't have any influence on the assessment of the probability of the related statement. The second experiment investigated whether the priming of the relation between processing fluency and risk can influence the effect of pronounceability of a food additive name on the assessment of its harmfulness. In accord with previous study (Song & Schwarz, 2009) it was shown that food additives with less pronounceable names were considered as more harmful. The priming didn't have any effect. The present studies...
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The claim and the judgment (mutual relation)
Kapuscinská, Kristína ; Zoulík, František (advisor) ; Smolík, Petr (referee)
Univerzita Karlova v Praze Právnická fakulta Kristína Kapuscinská ŽALOBA A ROZSUDEK (VZÁJEMNÝ VZTAH) Diplomová práce Abstrakt v anglickém jazyce Action and Judgment (mutual relation) Action and judgment are the key instruments of procedural law. The central topic of my thesis is the mutual relation between them; nevertheless we can not define the mutual relation without the basic definitions and a brief description of the action and judgment as process instruments, especially concentrating on its requirements, so that it should be possible to formulate the essence of its procedural consistency. I tried to express its mutual relation and complex context in my thesis. The mutual relation is evident when interpreting the law action theories, which tried in more or less successful way to resolve the relation between substantive and procedural law. Finally, the whole development of the action is illustrated by the comparison with the system of actions in Roman law which were understood as pure substantive institutes. The mutual relation is reflected in the components of the action and judgment. It is clearly evident in the case of the petit and the body of judgment which follows. The mutual relation is also evident in the case of the dispositive acts, the applicant may within his procedural rights dispose of the...
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Constitutional Contradictions of the Draft of the Conflict of Interest (Chamber Print No. 1056): Study 1.163
Syllová, Jindřiška
Studie se zabývá rozborem některých diskutovaných ustanovení návrhu zákona o střetu zájmů (sněmovní tisk č. 1056). Autorka studie dochází k závěru, že návrh zákona o střetu zájmů je psán bez zřetele na základní zásady ochrany základních práv, bez zřetele na základní zásady soudního nebo správního trestání, bez zřetele na dosavadní správní a soudní kodexy a možnosti jejich aplikace. Tento rys není způsoben špatným úmyslem předkladatele, ale tím, že jeden zákon má obsáhnout střet zájmů různých funkcionářů. Střet zájmů různých funkcionářů však musí být upraven rozdílným způsobem tak, aby zásah do jejich práv byl vždy minimální a zároveň úměrný odpovědnosti, kterou funkcionář má (a tím i veřejnému zájmu, o který jde). Zatímco střet zájmů u členů Parlamentu je možno řešit zvláštním autonomním orgánem Parlamentu, je střet zájmů vedoucích úřadů třeba řešit zákonem o státní službě, střet zájmů soudců prostřednictvím trestního práva a střet zájmů běžných zastupitelů krajů a obcí pravidly pro kraje a obce, které by střet zájmů znemožnily zevnitř. Navržený zákon je souhrnný, a proto obsahuje řadu bodů, které jsou v rozporu s různými ustanoveními ústavního pořádku. Autorka provokativně konstatuje, že Rady pro posuzování střetu zájmů mají rysy lidových soudů, nejsou nezávislé a zcela odporují zavedenému systému státních orgánů. Studie je pro srovnání doplněna o rozhodnutí Ústavního soudu Slovenské republiky a zákon č. 335/2005 Z. z. o prokazování původu majetku.
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The case law of the Supreme Administrative Court in the international movement of goods
Polzerová, Veronika ; Zídková, Hana (advisor) ; Pavel, Jan (referee)
The aim of this work is the analysis of five judgments in which is pointed out on tax disputes related to issues of international trade and VAT. The theoretical part of this thesis deals with the rules for the application of VAT on the international movement of goods and basic principles of carousel frauds. The analytical part of this thesis deals with descriptive research of founded judgments of the Supreme Administrative Court in the term of 1. 1. 2010 -- 31. 10. 2013. The detailed analysis and the following synthesis of conclusions of judgments generalize rules arising from these specific issues.
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