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Salt intake in the diet of older schoolchildern
HEMBEROVÁ, Aneta
Many studies prove that developed countries have an over-exaggerated intake of salt. The World Health Organization recommends an intake of 5g per person per day. Daily doses are, however, exceeded multiple times. It has been proven that an excessive intake of salt has a negative impact on our organism. It is a risk factor for the occurrence of hypertension, obesity, osteoporosis. The objective of my thesis has been to find out what amount of salt the food of older schoolchildren contains. The thesis is divided into a theoretical part and a practical part. The theoretical part deals with the issue of salt, it describes its history, kinds, meaning and use, the occurrence of salt in different foods and compensation options in diet. Futher, it focuses on the physiology of sodium, potassium and chlorine and the illnesses caused by an excessive intake of salt - specifically hypertension, obesity and osteoporosis. The conlcusion of the theoretical part is devoted to carbohydrates, fats, and protein in the diet of older schoolchildren. The practical part evaluated the weekly diet plans and urine analyses from the 12 respondents of older school age. The content of salt in their diet was being analysed via the Nutriservis programme. Urine analyses were being done in clinical laboratories. The acquired information on body height, weight and blood pressure was assessed using percentile graphs. The results confirm the fact that children of an older school age consume a higher than recommended amount of salt. In ten out of twelve respondents a higher than average daily amount of 5 g salt was discovered. This was confirmed by the value of sodium waste levels in their urine. The link between a higher salt intake and obesity or hypertension was not proven. There were no significant differences between girls and boys.
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Salt intake in children of adult age
PEJCHAL, Petr
My thesis deals with salt intake in adolescent children. The aim of the thesis was to find out the amount of salt in the diet of adolescents and their awareness of this issue. The bachelor thesis is divided into two parts - a theoretical and a practical one. The theoretical part deals with basic information about table salt and its origin. It is aimed to the physiology and function of sodium, potassium and chlorine in the human body. It also deals with recommendations on salt intake and its content and role in various foods. It addresses not only diseases associated with this topic and their correlation with the amount of salt ingested, but also dietary principles appropriate for this age group. The subject of the practical part was to find out the amount of salt in the diet of fifteen respondents in the age range of 15-18 years by means of qualitative research. This group of adolescents provided me with a complete menu consisting of two weekdays and one weekend diet. The Nutriservis program was mainly used for the calculation of the daily salt intake. For foods where the amount of salt was not stated in the database, I obtained the value by multiplying the sodium content by a factor of 2.5. I inserted food that the database did not contain by using the nutrition information on the food packaging. With the consent of the respondents and their parents, the calculation was based on the collection of urine for 24 hours, followed by the evaluation of sodium and sodium chloride waste as well as the blood pressure measurement, which was converted into percentile values. Furthermore, a short questionnaire focused on the awareness of adolescents in this issue and the calculation of BMI for individual respondents was used. The research results showed that all 15 adolescents exceeded the recommended amount of salt. I was not prove the connection between sodium waste in the urine and its intake according to the diet. Respondents' awareness of the issue of salt intake and its effect on the body was not extensive. All respondents routinely exceeded the recommended daily salt intake, but only 4 knew this value. Increasing adolescents' awareness of this topic could lead to a reduction in the salt content of their diets.
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Possibilities of physiotherapy for patiens with migraine headache.
POLANOVÁ, Edita
This bachelor thesis deals with the possibilities of physiotherapy for patients with migraine headache. With accurate selected physiotherapy, patients have a reduction in the number of migraines and the pain during the attack decreases its intensity. Therapy for all patients is uniform in this work. Physiotherapy emphasizes improving the function of the respiratory system, reducing the tension of hypertonic muscles, stretching the muscles in the area of the AO junction, increasing the extension of the temporomandibular joint, increasing the extent in the cervical spine and relaxing the fascia of the head. The first goal of the work is to map the possibilities of physiotherapy for patients with migraine headaches. The second goal is to design exercises and create an exercise unit suitable for autotherapy for patients with migraine headache. The third goal of the work is to create educational material for patients with migraines. The work is divided into 2 parts. The theoretical part describes the disease (pathophysiology, clinical picture, disease diagnosis, differential diagnosis, complications, prevalence, treatment options, the impact on the patient in society and the possibilities of migraine physiotherapy). The second, practical part, is processed in the form of qualitative research and includes kinesiological examination and therapy of 6 women aged 23-46 years. Patients were informed about the therapy and that information about the results will be published in this work in the form of informed consent. After the initial examination, a physiotherapy unit was designed for the probands. To confirm the appropriately selected therapy, 10 therapies were performed with each patient and the patients were monitored for 6 months. Furthermore, the final kinesiological analysis and evaluation of therapy for each patient were written. The conclusion of the thesis contains the results of the research. The work can be used in clinical practice by a physiotherapist or as an educational material for patients with migraine headaches.
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The role of a nurse at client's home in self-monitoring.
ADAMČÁKOVÁ, Marta
The bachelor's thesis deals with the issue of the role of the nurse in monitoring at home. It deals with the correctness of performing home measurements in the patient's homes. This work points out the important activities of the nurse, leading to the improvement of the results of home measurements. The work provides a view of the nurse on activities in the field of self-monitoring, but also a view of the experiences, needs and expectations of patients. The theoretical part focuses on the definition of self-monitoring, its proper implementation, the need and the most common use in Czech medical practice, focused on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of chronic diseases. It defines and approaches the diseases that are most often associated with self-monitoring performed by the patient in the home environment. Interviews with nurses and patients revealed their view of the nurse's activities, leading to quality results, thanks to a well-performed home self-assessment of the patient. The aim of this bachelor's thesis was to map the activities and knowledge that are needed to fulfill the role of the nurse in self-monitoring in the patient's home environment. In order not to skew the results of the survey, patients were also invited to interviews. The survey showed that nurses working in specialized clinics perform their activities at the best level of all the nurses interviewed. The quality of the nurses from these outpatient clinics was confirmed by the knowledge and overview of the interviewed patients visiting specialized outpatient clinics. Furthermore, the research shows that nurses working in general practitioner surgeries do not sufficiently ensure the individual needs of the patient in the field of education, learning and information in the field of self-monitoring. Interviews with nurses from hospital wards and hospitalized patients have shown that nurses do not perform self-monitoring activities at home during the hospitalization of a patient diagnosed with hypertension or diabetes mellitus. These are activities such as education, providing information, measuring practice and more.
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Obesity and sleep apnea syndrome
Havrdová, Kateřina ; Matoulek, Martin (advisor) ; Svačina, Štěpán (referee)
Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repeated, complete or partial, obstructions of upper respiratory tract while asleep with accompanied apneic pauses. Interruption of ventilation and the subsequent waking reactions cause fragmented and low-quality sleep in the long term and the simultaneous decline in oxygen saturation of hemoglobin causes development of intermittent hypoxia, which leads to serious complications in patients with sleep apnea. One of the most important etiopathogenic factors in development of obstructive sleep apnea is obesity, mainly central and android obesity. It is estimated that obese patients with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 suffer from OSA in over 40-60 % cases and 70 % of patients with OSA are obese. According to current findings, both the maladies influence each other and form a positive feedback loop, which further complicates the whole situation. Aim: The aim of this thesis is to describe the relationship between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea on a set of patients, who were hospitalized in department D3 of III. Internal clinic of Všeobecná fakultní nemocnice v Praze (General university hospital in Prague) for suspicions for diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea. The main tasks of the practical part of this thesis were to try to find a correlation...
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Salt intake by patients with primary hyperaldosteronism
Sahatciu, Mrika ; Petrák, Ondřej (advisor) ; Krátká, Zuzana (referee)
1 Abstract My bachelor's thesis focuses on the intake of table salt and other dietary approaches and habits in patients with primary aldosteronism, an extreme form of salt-sensitive hypertension. The theoretical part deals with the definition of the term and risk factors associated with primary aldosteronism, summarizes the diagnosis and treatment procedures especially dietary measures which are very important in the treatment. The practical part was based and developed using an anonymous questionnaire form. The questionnaire consisted of 66 questions ranging from sociodemographic to awareness, education, dietary habits and dietary preferences in relation to salt intake. The purpose of this study was thereby to determine the dietary habits and sodium chloride intake of patients with primary aldosteronism. The total number of patients who were approached was 15, mostly males which were 11 and females were 4. The diet was fairly regular, but with more than half prioritizing lunch and dinner rather than breakfast. When they had a higher intake of cold cuts, salty bars, chips compared to fruit and vegetables. Most of the patients were educated about salt restriction diet and diet in hypertension due to the characteristics of the cohort, but few of them actually follow it. And there were no efforts to limit salt...
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System for Long-Term Measurement of Patient Pressure
Petrovič, Michal ; Rydlo, Štěpán (referee) ; Drahanský, Martin (advisor)
The goal of this thesis is to create an algorithm to model the peak flux of patients at cardiology clinics to improve the handling time per patient by the doctors. The focus of the project was to improve the retrieval, processing and displaying of patient's blood pressure results to a doctor. To tackle this problem, a computer program was written that automatically downloads the relevant blood pressure data, analyses it and presents it to the attending doctor. The developed application includes the possibility to monitor the blood pressure over a selected time interval, interpreting the results and recognize arrhythmia. The proposed solution simplifies the patient's life, decreases the waiting time for the attending doctor and thus increases his efficiency.
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The enzymes of catecholamine metabolism in experimental hypertension.
Loučková, Anna ; Kuneš, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Klevstigová, Martina (referee)
Catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine and epinephrine are significantly involved in regulation of blood pressure. The most important enzymes participating in their metabolism are tyrosin hydroxylase, DOPA dekarboxylase, dopamine β-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase. This thesis summarizes current knowledge about these enzymes, focusing on their role in the development of essential hypertension. Experimental models are often used in the study of hypertension because of their practical and ethic reasons. Most findings were obtained in spontaneously hypertensive rats, due to their similarity to human essential hypertension. Metabolism of catecholamines in spontaneously hypertensive rat differs in many aspects from that of normotensive controls. The primary cause of this type of hypertension has not yet been distinguished from compensatory responses. However, prevention or slow-down the disease-development process can be achieved by various interventions. This information may help to identify new treatments for human hypertension.
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Excitation-Contraction and Excitation-Transcription Coupling in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells: Alterations in Experimental Hypertension and Vascular Remodeling
Misárková, Eliška ; Zicha, Josef (advisor) ; Hock, Miroslav (referee)
Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) express considerable phenotype plasticity. They are able to change their phenotype in vivo if necessary. It is important to know that during this phenotype switch the expression of transport proteins and channels is modified, which results in significant alteration of Ca2+ signaling in smooth muscle cells. In differentiated cells, which represent contractile phenotype, there are dominant rapid, transient events in intracellular Ca2+ concentration (Ca2+ i), while the resting cytosolic Ca2+ i concentration is low. In differentiated cells these Ca2+ i events are mainly caused by two components of the Ca2+ signalling pathways: 1) extracellular Ca2+ influx via L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (L-type VGCC) in plasma membrane, and 2) depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores via ryanodin receptors located on sarcoplasmic reticulum. Rapid Ca2+ i oscillations are quickly reduced by numerous Ca2+ ATPases of sarco/endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane. Proliferating vascular smooth muscle cells are characterized by a long-lasting Ca2+ i oscillations accompanied by sustained elevation of basal intracellular Ca2+ concentration. During phenotype switch from contractile phenotype to proliferative phenotype there is decreased Ca2+ ATPase activity, and store-operated Ca2+...
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The role of RhoA/Rho kinase signalling pathway in the regulation of blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive rats
Brunová, Aneta ; Zicha, Josef (advisor) ; Wasková, Petra (referee)
Evidence is accumulating that point to a major role of Rho kinase in arterial pathophysiology. Rho kinase is a key enzyme in calcium sensitization in vascular smooth muscle cells. Calcium sensitization is characterized as an increase in vascular contractility in the conditions of constant cytosolic calcium level. Inhibitors of Rho-kinase exert beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system, mainly by lowering vascular contractility. This thesis summarizes the current progress in understanding of the signaling pathways involved in the control of peripheral resistance of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). It is evident that enhanced sympathetic activity and abnormal regulation of ion channel activity collectively contribute to high blood pressure maintenance in SHR.
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