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Differentiation of adult stem cells into insulin-producing beta cells
Koblas, Tomáš
Ph.D. Thesis abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by a metabolic disorder in which there is a low level or complete lack of the insulin. Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) is caused by an autoimmune reaction leading to the destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas. In consequence, low or non-existent insulin production leads to a complete dependence on exogenous insulin supplementation. DM1 causes serious long-term complications. Although strict control of blood sugar could prevent the onset and development of diabetic complications only 5% of diabetic patients are able to achieve such control. Hence it is evident that the current methods of treatment are neither sufficient to treat this disease, nor prevent late complications in most patients. The most promising therapeutic approach in the treatment of diabetes is the restoring of insulin production. One such method is the transplantation of insulin-producing tissue. However, a lack of available insulin- producing tissue limits such therapeutic approach. Therefore an alternative source of insulin producing cells have to be found to obtain a sufficient amount of safe and efficient insulin producing tissue. Pancreatic stem/progenitor cells could represent such an available alternative source. Despite the evidence...
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Transplantace kostní dřeně příjemcům s regenerující krvetvorbou: účinnost transplantace a stav regenerující kostní dřeně
Forgáčová, Katarína ; Nečas, Emanuel (advisor) ; Vávrová, Jiřina (referee) ; Hofer, Michal (referee)
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the ability of both self-renewal and differentiation. After bone marrow damage, surviving host HSCs or transplanted donor HSCs are able to restore hematopoiesis and maintain it for a long time due to the self-renewal potential. HSCs reside in a specific microenvironment in the bone marrow, in stem cell niche, which supports their survival and controls their functioning. In this study, we investigated the impact of bone marrow damage induced by increasing doses of irradiation on engraftment efficiency of transplanted donor repopulating cells. Using the CD45.1/CD45.2 congenic mouse model, we developed a new approach enabling estimation of surviving HSCs in damaged hematopoietic tissue. Its principle is in measuring of the donor chimerism resulting from transplantation of a defined dose of normal congenic bone marrow cells. The transplanted donor cells contain repopulating cells, progenitors (STRCs) and HSCs (LTRCs) that give rise to blood cell production which proceeds in parallel with that present in the host hematopoietic tissue. We applied this approach to monitor spontaneous regeneration of repopulating cells, including HSCs, in mice irradiated with a sublethal dose of 6 Gy or by a lethal dose of 9 Gy and rescued by syngenic bone marrow cells. This was...
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Differentiation of adult stem cells into insulin-producing beta cells
Koblas, Tomáš ; Saudek, František (advisor) ; Grim, Miloš (referee) ; Štechová, Kateřina (referee)
Ph.D. Thesis abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease characterized by a metabolic disorder in which there is a low level or complete lack of the insulin. Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1) is caused by an autoimmune reaction leading to the destruction of the insulin producing beta cells in the pancreas. In consequence, low or non-existent insulin production leads to a complete dependence on exogenous insulin supplementation. DM1 causes serious long-term complications. Although strict control of blood sugar could prevent the onset and development of diabetic complications only 5% of diabetic patients are able to achieve such control. Hence it is evident that the current methods of treatment are neither sufficient to treat this disease, nor prevent late complications in most patients. The most promising therapeutic approach in the treatment of diabetes is the restoring of insulin production. One such method is the transplantation of insulin-producing tissue. However, a lack of available insulin- producing tissue limits such therapeutic approach. Therefore an alternative source of insulin producing cells have to be found to obtain a sufficient amount of safe and efficient insulin producing tissue. Pancreatic stem/progenitor cells could represent such an available alternative source. Despite the evidence...
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Implementation of new findings to biology classes - the example of stem cells
Petrová, Ivana ; Švecová, Milada (advisor) ; Drda Morávková, Alena (referee)
The aim of this study is to collect the recent data about the establishing the lines of pluripotent stem cell and the usage of these cells for biomedical purposes. On this example, we integrated the education in life science and social science. Pluripotent stem cells were used as a key topic. During our project, we completed the PowerPoint presentation which provides the elementary knowledge on the method for establishing of pluripotent cell lines and the usage of these cells for biomedicine. We created the Czech version of didactic game PlayDecide based on the European Union project. Based on the experiences from this didactic game, the students will learn basic information on pluripotent stem cells and their usage in biomedicine. Students will establish their own opinion on ethical aspects of this topic. Students could be able to defend their opinion and to acknowledge all problems which stem from the suggested solutions. We tested this didactic game in schools.
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Morphological variability of the incisor in mutant mice
Lochovská, Kateřina ; Churavá, Svatava (referee) ; Hovořáková, Mária (advisor)
Myš je nejfrekventovaněji používaným experimentálním modelovým organismem pro studium vývoje zubů. Myší funkční dentice obsahuje jeden řezák oddělený od tří molárů dlouhou bezzubou diastemou v každém čelistním kvadrantu. Cílem této práce bylo shrnout poznatky o myší dentici a jejím vývoji se zaměřením na myší řezáky a jejich patologie. Myší řezák je díky svým vlastnostem jedinečným zubem. Charakteristickou vlastností hlodavců jsou právě kontinuálně rostoucí řezáky. Tyto řezáky jsou pokryté sklovinou pouze na labiální straně. Lingvální povrch je tvořen pouze dentinem. Toto je spojeno s asymetrickou abrazí. Nicméně je také častým cílem mutací, ať už v podobě delece nebo jiné modifikace genů. Tyto mutace dentálních signálních drah jsou studovány na mutantních myších jako jsou například Tabby myši, Sprouty nebo Small eye (Sey) mutantní myši a mnoho dalších. Některé mutace jsou homologní k lidským onemocněním. Například X-vázaný tabby (Ta) syndrom u myší je považován za homolog hypohidrotické ektodermální dysplásie (HED) u lidí. Tato mutace napadá velikost řezáku, jeho tvar a pozici stejně jako cytodiferenciaci. Dále se může objevit hypodoncie, anodoncie nebo nějaké morfologické změny napadající ostatní existující zuby. Abnormality v počtu, velikosti a tvaru zubu byly dobře zdokumentovány v lidské...
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Foreknowledge of women in childbed about the possibility of navel cord blood taking
BLÁHOVÁ, Martina
The objective of the thesis was to determine the level of expectant mothers' awareness of the possibility of umbilical cord blood collection. Umbilical cord blood can be collected only at one moment {--} after the child has been delivered. Umbilical cord blood comprises stem cells that cannot be found in the body any other time in human life. Stem cells have been used to treat blood diseases for several years. Umbilical cord blood is contained in umbilical cord and placenta. Umbilical cord blood collection is not dangerous under any circumstances and donation is entirely optional. The midwife is a member of the team that participates in umbilical cord blood collection. She is familiar with the correct blood collection technique. She educates pregnant women during pregnancy and also during childbirth about the possibility of umbilical cord blood collection and use. In spite of the fact that pregnant women have enough information about the possibility of umbilical cord blood collection, it is necessary to improve awareness of the importance of the collected umbilical cord blood - e.g. in prenatal courses or by creating a complex educative material. Nowadays umbilical cord blood is used mainly in the treatment of children's haemoplastic diseases, but in the future usage of stem cells could exceed the imagination. The advantage is that umbilical cord blood can be collected safely and painlessly after the childbirth and it can be stored in the long term in the umbilical cord blood banks. Umbilical cord blood preservation may become a meaningful health and life policy.
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