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The role of aging and stress in autophagy
Čechová, Kateřina ; Vrajová, Monika (advisor) ; Valeš, Karel (referee)
Autophagy is a nonspecific catabolic mechanism, important for maintaining the cellular homeostasis. Stress condition can increase the activity and support the cell survival. It is well known that normal and pathological aging are associated with a reduced autophagic potential and that experimental induction of autophagy leads to higher longevity of certain model organisms. This decreasing may be facilitated by other factors, such as chronic stress. Higher age and chronic stress are two factors contributing to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, in this context the mechanism of autophagy is now actively studied. We wanted to know if and how the combination of these two factors may influence the activity of autophagy. In our study, we investigated the role of aging and chronic stress, induced by social isolation in Wistar rats at the age of 6 (N= 16) and 12 (N= 16) months. The animals in experimental groups were separated in the individual cages for 4 weeks. Control groups animals were housed in the pair. We measured the markers of autophagy expression (Beclin-1, LC3-II, mTOR) in the hippocampus and striatum of socially isolated and control groups animals. We measured the expression of NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A, NR2B) in the hippocampus of the same animals. Our results showed that older...
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The role of aging and stress in autophagy
Čechová, Kateřina ; Vrajová, Monika (advisor) ; Valeš, Karel (referee)
Autophagy is a nonspecific catabolic mechanism, important for maintaining the cellular homeostasis. Stress condition can increase the activity and support the cell survival. It is well known that normal and pathological aging are associated with a reduced autophagic potential and that experimental induction of autophagy leads to higher longevity of certain model organisms. This decreasing may be facilitated by other factors, such as chronic stress. Higher age and chronic stress are two factors contributing to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, in this context the mechanism of autophagy is now actively studied. We wanted to know if and how the combination of these two factors may influence the activity of autophagy. In our study, we investigated the role of aging and chronic stress, induced by social isolation in Wistar rats at the age of 6 (N= 16) and 12 (N= 16) months. The animals in experimental groups were separated in the individual cages for 4 weeks. Control groups animals were housed in the pair. We measured the markers of autophagy expression (Beclin-1, LC3-II, mTOR) in the hippocampus and striatum of socially isolated and control groups animals. We measured the expression of NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A, NR2B) in the hippocampus of the same animals. Our results showed that older...
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Retirement as a Turning Point in the Life of a Man
PELEJOVÁ, Lenka
This Bachelor thesis deals with retirement and changes that follow this turning point in human life. The topic is up to date with regard to demographical ageing process of Czech population in the Czech Republic and abroad. The theoretical part of the thesis focuses on questions regarding demographical development and its impact on the society. Other chapters describe particular changes in ageing process, changes in physical, psychological, cognitive and social area. The following chapters involve reflections on factors that influence pensioners' lives health, physical activity, income, sense of life and spirituality. One chapter deals with issues of social exclusion and pensioners' needs. The aim of the thesis is to find out the impacts of retirement on human life and on satisfying pensioners' bio-psycho-social and spiritual needs. A partial aim is to find out if the change of a social status leads to social isolation of pensioners. A qualitative research strategy, a questioning method and a semi-standardized dialogue method are used in this thesis. The communicative partners were pensioners at the age of sixty-five and over, who were chosen at the basis of progressive choice by Snowball sampling method. The obtained data were analyzed by open coding, which enables to separate the text into smaller parts. Mental maps are used to present obtained information. According to the research, fourty-four per cent of pensioners didn't think about ageing and retirement during their active working life. Pensioners over seventy, who were awaitening retirement, were convinced that they will be provided for a pension that they will get from the state. They didn't think about financial resources, such as saving or insurance. All pensioners noticed some changes they experienced in connection with retirement, which was an interesting finding. Two thirds of them devoted to their hobbies and didn't feel any limits eg. lack of opportunities or lack of finance, which would prevent them from devoting to their hobbies. The results have shown that when a person gets older and less fit, their value scale is changing. In their youth these people preferred family interests and finance maintanance. Elderly people put their health and health of their family members in the first place in life. Czech pensioners regard their pension as low, however they are satisfied and they are able to make ends meet, which is also an interesting point. Those who are fit keep going to work and are able to save money. Responses to questions regarding health were also interesting. After feeling tired and having a lot of health problems at the beginning of the retirement, pensioners feel more relaxed and quite well, only with tiny health problems. Some of them were feeling even better. The contribution of this research is the finding that there is no reason to be afraid of such a major change in life as the retirement represents. Pensioners have enough opportunities for self-realization and they needn't be afraid of being socially excluded or isolated, if they don't wish so. Also a generational cohesion between family members was proved. Pensioners can rely on their offsprings in hard times.
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Everyday life and social isolation of elderly people in urban and rural environments
Petrišče, Ondřej ; Dvořáková, Nina (advisor) ; Spilková, Jana (referee)
EVERYDAY LIFE AND SOCIAL ISOLATION OF ELDERLY PEOPLE IN URBAN AND RURAL ENVIRONMENTS THE ABSTRACT: My presented diploma thesis includes two concepts. The first one describes the quality of life and residential environments; the second concerns social isolation. Both of these examine a different view on the quality of life within the senior generation because the daily life of the older generation is influenced by the intensity and frequency of sociable relations together with the quality of residential environment in which they live. In the study I chose two different types of environments - an urban environment of Plzeň, a borough of Doubravka and a rural environment of a small village - Pasečnice. In the work, I observed the strengths and weaknesses of these environments in a group of people, who were interviewed. The research was made with semi-structural interview and analyzes the disposition of social isolation and the personal feeling about each residential environment. Diploma thesis concentrates on the main factors in senior's daily lives such as social relations, housing, basic service facilities, transportation availability, free time, and safety in the mentioned area of living. Key words: social isolation, quality of residential environments, seniors, city, country, civic facilities
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The status of caregivers in the context of the Social Services Act
Štollová, Dana ; Čabanová, Bohumila (advisor) ; Mlejnková, Kristýna (referee)
The work titled "Rank of caring persons in the context of the social services law" analyses the situation of caring persons during the care. The work follows the question of discrimination and social-economic exclusion of caring persons in the Czech Republic on the basis of executed research analyse. The rank of caring persons is not legally embedded in any legal regulation. However, this results into the fact, that there is neither range of duties nor the law or social benefits in the case of sickness, and the old age pension scheme is very limited, too. This work brings suggestions of measures and solutions of these problems so that family and intergeneration solidarity and rules of subsidiarity would be supported, and at the same time the social and economic discrimination of caring persons in the Czech Republic.
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Psychological and social aspects of unemployment
Bakajsová, Kamila ; Kebza, Vladimír (advisor) ; Bredárová, Kristina (referee)
The thesis deals with problems of unemployment. Particularly, it is focused on psychological and social aspects. The literature review describes unemployment as economical, social and psychological problem. The sample of unemployed respondents is described in the empirical investigation to characterize and describe feeling and determinants of unemployment. Empirical investigation is focused on experience with unemployment, family of unemployed and their behavior and ability to accept this situation a cope with that. In conclusion the empirical investigation, the research into the most frequent negative and positive feelings of the unemployed is discussed.
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The role of nurses in the care of overweight or obese adolescents
SOROKANETS, Viktorie
This thesis is focused on the role of a pediatric nurse in the care of overweight and obese adolescents. A pediatric nurse plays a key role in promoting the health of children and adolescents in primary care. A nurse is in many cases the first person the family or a child confide their worries and health concerns in. A pediatric nurse is a person whose professional focus is determined by the needs of children; he or she is an expert who should seize every opportunity for consultation on healthy lifestyles of children and parents; he or she is an essential and irreplaceable member of the team caring for a child or an adolescent (Sikorová, 2012). This thesis consists of two parts. The theoretical part is focused on obesity itself, it describes pathogenesis, complications and consequences, as well as prevention and treatment. In the next chapter we focus on the role of the nurse in the pediatrician's office. There we described the role of nurses in the examination of an obese or overweight adolescent, the awareness of a nurse and adolescent in the field of childhood obesity, the principles of communication of nurses with the obese adolescent and his or her education. At the end of the theoretical part the psychosocial impacts on obese adolescents, such as social isolation, discrimination and the risk of developing eating disorders, are described. The second half of the thesis is empirical. Research was carried out in two ways. The first part of the research was realized in the form of a quantitative survey, in which nurses in general pediatricians offices were approached using electronic questionnaires. The questions in the questionnaire were focused on the education of nurses in the field of childhood obesity, education of adolescents, cooperation with families and other professionals. The research group therefore consisted of pediatric nurses who pursue their profession in the Czech Republic. In the second part of the research the method of questioning, namely the interview technique was used. It was a semi-structured interview with obese adolescents. Each interview consisted of 24 questions and lasted an average of 20 - 25 minutes. Interviews with adolescents were focused on the knowledge of the term Body Mass Index, health and psychological consequences, their personal lives, relationships with peers and partners, the possibility of using the services of a nutritional consultant. We contacted 15 respondents aged 16 to 20 years, all were from South Bohemia. In case of minor adolescents parental agreement with the research had to be acquired. The questionnaire was accessible online and its completion was not time consuming; however out of approximately 400 distributed questionnaires only 154 returned fully completed. The return of questionnaires was approximately 40 % and reflects the ratio of completed and mailed questionnaires. At the beginning two goals were set. The purpose of the first objective was to explore the role of nurses in the approach to obese adolescents. The results showed that nurses are trying to educate themselves in the field of child obesity, they are interested in the issue of childhood obesity, what is more they are trying to educate the overweight adolescents in good nutrition. Furthermore, they also aim to cooperate with the child's family and even with other professionals, such as an endocrinologist, cardiologist, nutritionist etc. The second objective was to determine how obese adolescents perceive themselves. Opinions obviously differed, some children did not admit to being overweight/obese, while others saw themselves as the "fatsoes", "whales" ugly and useless, and that nothing suits them". Some suffer from depression, others try not trouble themselves with it. To fulfill the purpose of quantitative research 3 hypotheses were set. H1: Nurse educates adolescents about healthy eating. The hypothesis was statistically confirmed because research showed that nurses really do educate teenager.
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