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The relation between the individual and the society in Rawls' work
Vlčanová, Kateřina ; Šimsa, Martin (advisor) ; Novák, Miroslav (referee)
The aim of the present thesis is to answer the following question: How does the relationship between the individual and society change in Rawls' work? Does the link between the individual and society strengthen, weaken or change in another way? The author discusses other questions, too, namely the specifics of Rawls' theory and his liberalism as well as the criticism of Rawls. The author focuses on two crucial texts - The Theory of Justice, Rawls' debut book, and Political Liberalism. In order to answer these questions, the author first analyses The Theory of Justice and the relationship between the invidual and society in this work, and then places this relationship within the context of a philosophical debate, which stems from the criticism of the work. It is liberals and communitarians who engage in this debate. The author also mentions Robert Nozick, a representative of libertarians, and his critique. Liberals (Rawls) hold the view that one's identity is more significant than society, and thus advocate the individualistic image of the universal man who has appropriate rigths. Communitarians, on the other hand (MacIntyre, Sandel, Taylor, Walzer), advocate the image of a person whose identity is apriori derived from the society that the person belongs to. Hence, communitarians strive for the good...
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Three Liberal Theories of Justice
Macháček, Jiří ; Šimsa, Martin (advisor) ; Váňa, Tomáš (referee)
The mail goal of this thesis is to introduce the modern theory of liberal justice with a focus on distributive justice. In addition, the author addresses the issue of value neutrality in the liberal state and the concept of equality in liberal theory. The author presents the concept of "justice as fairness" described by liberal political philosopher John Rawls. Afterwards his concept is subjected to criticism of other contemporary liberal philosophers Robert Nozick and Ronald Dworkin. The author briefly looks into coherence between mentioned philosophers and earlier representatives of liberal theory, as well as their non-liberal critics. The first chapter contains a list of thinkers and their contributions to the issue of justice and the social contract theory. The following three chapters concerns the interpretation of the concepts of three mentioned authors using critical analysis of their publications. In the fifth chapter are described concepts of thinkers who critically respond to Rawl's theory of justice generally reffered to as communitarians, including the conception of Jürgen Habermas. In the sixth chapter the author summarizes the main theoretical background and arguments of discussed liberal philosophers. Finally the thesis is concluded by their comparison and summary of key facts and...
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The economic role of the state in globalized economy
Juřík, Richard ; Bažantová, Ilona (advisor) ; Seknička, Pavel (referee)
in English This diploma thesis encompasses the idea of the economic role of a state in relation to trends of globalization applying political science, political economy and economic geography. The idea goes on by progressively defined conceptions of societal institutions - the concept of a state and political nation on basis of the social contract, the conception of the fair society on basis of the work called Justice as Fairness by John Rawls, conception of globalization in terms of its trends in the area of changing division of work and rising income inequality, and conception of the character of changing roles of a state in relation to globalization and economy. Reference state is a small, internationaly opened, democratic and developed society, which holds western values and norms. It is assumed that in such society individuals pursue their own happiness as a notion of good life. In this aspect Justice as Fairness theory was chosen as a framework for society of equal citizens where economic transactions are considered fair and everybody is given the chance to pursue their own vision of their lives and such state of society shall remain preserved in time. Two main economic roles of a state are concluded by the analysis of consequences of chosen trends of globalization in relation to the...
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Three Liberal Theories of Justice
Macháček, Jiří ; Šimsa, Martin (advisor) ; Váňa, Tomáš (referee)
The mail goal of this thesis is to introduce the modern theory of liberal justice with a focus on distributive justice. In addition, the author addresses the issue of value neutrality in the liberal state and the concept of equality in liberal theory. The author presents the concept of "justice as fairness" described by liberal political philosopher John Rawls. Afterwards his concept is subjected to criticism of other contemporary liberal philosophers Robert Nozick and Ronald Dworkin. The author briefly looks into coherence between mentioned philosophers and earlier representatives of liberal theory, as well as their non-liberal critics. The first chapter contains a list of thinkers and their contributions to the issue of justice and the social contract theory. The following three chapters concerns the interpretation of the concepts of three mentioned authors using critical analysis of their publications. In the fifth chapter are described concepts of thinkers who critically respond to Rawl's theory of justice generally reffered to as communitarians. In the sixth chapter the author summarizes the main theoretical background and arguments of discussed liberal philosophers. Finally the thesis is concluded by their comparison and summary of key facts and features.
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Rawls a Nozick: A Theory of Justice and its Critics
Rod, Marek ; Hauser, Michael (advisor) ; Hogenová, Anna (referee)
The aim of this work is to introduce theory of justice as fairness in John Rawls' book A Theory of Justice and to compare it with its criticism in Robert Nozick' s book Anarchy, State and Utopia. Targeted reader is a person with only the most rudimentary knowledge about the subject. The first part describes the main ideas in A Theory of Justice: its specifications, the two principles of justice comprising its core and Rawls' interpretation of the original position - the mechanism, using which Rawls comes to define the two principles. The second part describes four main points of criticism, that Noick puts forvard against A Theory of Justice: the absence of social microstructures in conceiving the theory, favouritism of individuals who are allready favourited in the society, omitting plausible alternative to Rawls' two principles and inhibition of natural assets in light of their moral arbitrariness. The end of the second part offers comparison between the two opinions from third person point of view - that is, from the point of Michael Sandel.
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