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Problems of humic matters as precursor of trihalomethanes (THMs) in water
Jelínková, Zuzana ; Dolejš, Petr (referee) ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (advisor)
The bachelor’s thesis deals with qualities of humic matters, their origins, structures and occurrence in aquatic environment. There are suitable methods for determination of humic substances and processes used for their removing from water. The thesis describes disinfection of water and related origin of trihalomethanes. The aim of the experimental part of the thesis is to coagulate model humic water on the laboratory mixing column including suggestion of optimal dose of selected coagulation agent and comparison of effectivity of floccules separation by membrane filtration and centrifugation. Effectivity of the removal of humic matters was determined by measuring water absorbance at wavelengths 245 nm in a silica cuvette with optical 1 cm trajectory and at 387 nm in a glass cuvette with optical 5 cm trajectory. For evaluation of quality suspension concentration of residual iron of coagulation agent in water was determined.
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Aggregation reactions of chitosan in drinking water treatment
Leskovjanová, Jana ; Mega, Jaroslav (referee) ; Dolejš, Petr (advisor)
The diploma thesis deals with treatment of surface waters containing humic substances. The most often used method of surface water treatment is coagulation with subsequent separation of aggregates. In this study, only perikinetic coagulation phase was studied. It is the phase when aggregates are formed by the Brownian motion only, i.e. without mixing. Separation of the formed aggregates was made by centrifugation. Coagulation tests were made under the laboratory conditions with model humic water. Humic substances were added from a concentrate, which was taken from a natural peatbog. The influence of temperature on the coagulation process was studied, ranging from 5 to 22 °C. Chitosan (natural biopolymer) was used as coagulant. In present, it is not used in Czech water treatment practice yet. No effect of temperature was observed when chitosan was used as coagulant. Influence of temperature was also studied with the use of aluminium and ferrous sulphates, which are used in common praxis as coagulation reagents. Influence of the temperature was observed and is in agreement with previously reported data of pilot-plant experiments by other researchers. Spectroscopic methods were used to evaluate the coagulation efficiency and determine residual concentration of aluminium and ferrous coagulant. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was determined for optimal doses. At first, coagulation tests were made under the laboratory temperature. This tests determined optimal aggregation time and optimal coagulant dose under low temperature. Afterwards, all coagulants used were compared at given temperatures.
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Occurrence and removal of polluting organic substances during drinking water treatment
Prokopová, Michaela ; Pivokonský, Martin (advisor) ; Brányiková, Irena (referee) ; Kříženecká, Sylvie (referee)
Water sources pollution by natural organic substances and anthropogenic micropollutants is a global problem with a significant impact on water treatability and drinking water quality. One of the current topics is the proliferation of algal and cyanobacterial cells and the associated release of algal organic matter (AOM). The presence of AOM in drinking water sources can deteriorate the water's taste and odour or serve as precursors of disinfection by-products., especially in the case of a high proportion of the non-proteinaceous AOM, which is difficult to remove by conventional coagulation/flocculation. A part of this thesis is devoted to the composition and characterization of AOM, its chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation, and the assessment of the ozonation of the non-proteinaceous AOM during drinking water treatment. The second part of this thesis deals with the occurrence, characterization and removal of persistent anthropogenic substances, namely microplastics (MPs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), during the drinking water treatment. Based on the results of ozonation of the non-proteinaceous AOM fraction (NP), it was found that ozonation caused a change in the surface charge, molecular weight or partial mineralization of NP, depending on ozonation conditions (O3 dose, pH...
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The influence of LDL-apheresis on aggregation of blood platelets, blood coagulation, and the effect of standard drugs.
Černotová, Veronika ; Mladěnka, Přemysl (advisor) ; Čečková, Martina (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Student: Veronika Černotová Supervisor: prof. Přemysl Mladěnka, PharmD., Ph.D. Consultant: Lukáš Konečný, MSc. Title of diploma thesis: The influence of LDL-apheresis on aggregation of blood platelets, blood coagulation and the effect of standard drugs LDL-apheresis is a method that removes LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) from the blood. It is used to treat familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a genetic disorder causing high LDL-C levels and an early development of cardiovascular diseases. Blood platelets and coagulation system play an important role in these diseases and their activity is also affected by lipids. The aim of this thesis was to analyze possible differences in platelet aggregation and blood coagulation in patients suffering from FH. Two methods of treatment in this group were compared - lipid apheresis and PCSK9Ab (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 monoclonal antibodies). The observed parameters were also compared with age-matched healthy volunteers. Our cohort consisted of 15 patients and 15 healthy donors. Six patients were treated with lipid apheresis and also PCSK9Ab, six subjects only with PCSK9Ab. Platelet aggregation was measured with an impedance aggregometer using 7 different...
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The impact of compounds from cigarette smoke on blood coagulation in vitro
Afshari, Mohammadreza ; Carazo Fernández, Alejandro (advisor) ; Karlíčková, Jana (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Student: Mohammadreza Afshari Supervisors: Pharm Dr Alejandro Carazo Fernández, Ph.D. Thesis title: The impact of compounds from cigarette smoke on blood coagulation in vitro Hemostasis is the physiological process that stops bleeding at the site of an injury while maintaining normal blood flow elsewhere in the circulation. It is characterized by the equilibrium between proteins, enzymes, and other biological factors. Hemostasis is one of the most important biological processes in our body and any alteration in the function can affect the health of the individual severely. Nowadays the world is experiencing an epidemy of cigarette smoking and many people are socially and economically affected by the health impact of cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking has been proven to increase the chance of the development of various cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease, among others. Despite the large number of studies conducted on the effect of cigarette smoke on the cardiovascular system, there are only scarce studies that directly evaluate the effect and impact of cigarette smoke on the hemostasis and their effect on specific steps....
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Influence of compounds produced by cyanobacteria on coagulation of humic waters
Brabenec, Tomáš ; Pivokonský, Martin (advisor) ; Benešová, Libuše (referee)
The diploma thesis investigates the coagulation of nature waters with humic substances and peptides/proteins produced by Microcystis aeruginosa during water treatment process with aluminum coagulants. It was confirmed that the efficiency of coagulation mechanism of humic substances and peptides/proteins strongly depends on the pH value, because pH value is limited factor of a charge properties of peptides/proteins, humic substances and hyrolysis products of coagulants. The optimal pH range for the coagulation of humic substances was 5- 6 and for cyanobacterial peptides/proteins 5-6.5. In both cases a charge neutralisation and an adsorption were dominant mechanism of coagulation. Optimal pH range for the coagulation of humic substances in the presence of cyanobacterial peptides/proteins was identical as well as optimal pH range of humic substances with absence of peptides/proteins (5-6) but the presence of peptides/proteins positively influenced particle coagulation of humic substances, because the optimal concentration of the coagulants decreased to more than half. An interaction between humic substances and peptides/proteins was demonstrated. A positive effect of coagulation was observed in the case of jar tests with absence of coagulants at a very low pH range (<4). Keywords Humic substances; AOM...
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Aluminium fractionation in water treatment.
Houšková, Lucie ; Benešová, Libuše (advisor) ; Janečková, Lucie (referee)
Aluminium and natural organic compounds are common components of surface water in our country. Removal of these substance represents one of basic problems of water treatment. Chemical treatment process is based on particles destabilisation and aggregation. The efficiency of treatment is influenced by many chemical and physical factors (the reaction conditions, type and dosage of destabilisation reagens, reactive pH, the mean velocity gradient and the period of its duration). Common water treatment technologies are based on the reagent doeses optimisation. Properties of formed aggregates (namely their size, shape and density) and their separation capabilities are influenced by the magnitude of the velocity gradient and the period of its application. This thesis is focused on the optimisation of doses of alum - Al2(SO4)3.18 H2O and the properties of aggregation. For increasing of alkalinity the lime water was used as an alkalisation reagent. Laboratory tests were conducted by jar test using the variable speed paddle gang stirrer. The result showes that Al2(SO4)3.18 H2O is suitable destabilisation reagens, but salts of the Fe3+ ionts are better.
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Nursing care of the patient with pulmonary embolism after the hormonal therapy
Tučková, Kateřina ; Hakenová, Renata (advisor) ; Hocková, Jana (referee)
This bachelor thesis is focused on nursing care of a patient with pulmonary embolism after a hormonal therapy. The theoretical part deals with the issue of pulmonary embolism from the point of view of etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, risk factors including hormonal therapy, where it the procoagulant effect of hormonal preparations and the increased risk of thromboembolic disease for young women is pointed out. The bachelor thesis was sourced from the National Medical Library through the PubMed database, Embase (Ovid), Medvik, CINHAL and the keyword search engine. For the practical part a qualitative research method in form of a case study was selected. The case for the study was a patient with pulmonary embolism after the hormonal preparation within the first cycle of assisted reproduction of the IVF. For the purpose of the case study the documentation, method of an interview, observation and cooperation with the care staff was used. Ethical aspects of research were respected during writing of this thesis. The objective of this bachelor thesis is to elaborate a case report including the creation of a nursing care plan for the patient in question and to increase the availability of information on possible risks of hormonal treatment to the general public. The contribution of this bachelor...
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The impact of apixaban on overall hemostatic potential.
Cablíková, Ladislava ; Pávek, Petr (advisor) ; Carazo Fernández, Alejandro (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Student: Bc. Ladislava Cablíková Supervisors: Ass. Prof. Mojca Božič-Mijovski, Ph.D., prof. PharmDr. Petr Pávek, Ph.D., RNDr. Jana Nekvindová, Ph.D. Thesis title: The Impact of Apixaban on Overall Hemostatic Potential Disorders at certain levels of the complicated haemostatic system can lead to either bleeding or excessive blood coagulation. These pathological conditions are treated with anticoagulants, which aim to correct excessive coagulation. However, traditional anticoagulant therapy has many limitations, which initiated efforts to develop oral anticoagulants with a better profile. These new-generation anticoagulants are called DOAC - Direct Oral AntiCoagulans. Apixaban, as one of xabans, has predictable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and therefore does not require a routine laboratory monitoring of the treatment effect. Nevertheless, it still requires evaluation in urgent clinical situations. Standard coagulation screening assays, e.g., PT (prothrombin test) and APTT (activated partial thromboplastin test), do not fully reflect the actual status of the drug. Therefore, researchers aim is to find a relatively simple and fast hemostatic assay that would correlate with the actual condition...
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Influence of algal organic matter on coagulation of phytoplanktonic cells
Stránská, Štěpánka ; Pivokonský, Martin (advisor) ; Barešová, Magdalena (referee)
When algal or cyanobacterial populations increase in drinking water reservoirs, water treatment technologies have to cope not only with increased cell numbers but also with algal organic matter (AOM). The presence of cells and AOM in raw water causes some problems in the drinking water treatment process that can lead to the drinking water production of unsatisfactory quality. Residual algae cells and AOM can form toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). Therefore, to maintain the cell integrity and prevent the release of AOM, it is essential for algae-polluted water treatment. This thesis examines the influence of AOM on coagulation of algal and cyanobacterial cells. The efficiency of coagulation is affected by various algae characteristics. The important have particularly the dependence of the coagulant dose on the cell surface area and the size and value of the surface charge of cells. It has been demonstrated that AOM can have not only negative but also positive influence on coagulation of cells. The presence of high concentrations particularly of low molecular weight (MW) AOM results in inhibition of coagulation. On the other hand, coagulation is improved by low concentration of high-MW AOM (particularly proteins) at approximately pH 4-6. Nowadays, for removal coagulated cells dissolved air...
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