|
| |
|
|
Methodology to identify missing genetic resources in culture collections, strategy to fill the gaps
Komínek, Petr a kolektiv
The methodology was created under the National programme on conservation of microbial genetic resources of economical imortance. Its preparation was planned in the beginning of a current period of solving the National programme (2018-2022). The methodology describe procedures for the evaluation of specialization of individual collections from the point of view variability of genetic resources held on the collections. The goal of the methodology is to improve the work of microbial collections for the sustainable conservation of microbial genetic resources.
Fulltext:  PDF
|
|
|
Environmental drivers of microbial community composition in a temperate forest
Martinović, Tijana ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Vašutová, Martina (referee) ; Kopecký, Jan (referee)
Recently, much attention has been focused on the importance of forests to the global carbon cycle. Microorganisms are a critical component of the carbon cycle in forests, participating in important ecosystem processes and degrading various carbon compounds, from simple to highly recalcitrant compounds. However, most studies in this regard have focused on fungi. Only in recent years has it become known that bacteria are also capable of degrading complex plant polymers in soil, and that their contribution to the carbon cycle may be as important as that of fungi. Furthermore, our knowledge of the temporal dynamics of both fungal and bacterial communities is limited, as well as their response to different environmental drivers. The main objective of this dissertation was to fill these knowledge gaps by (1) quantifying the rate of temporal turnover of fungal and bacterial communities in soils of temperate forests, (2) describing the factors that shape fungal communities in spruce and beech stands during their long-term development (stand age), (3) assessing the contribution of fungi and bacteria to the utilisation of different carbon sources in forest soils, and finally (4) describing the development of bacterial communities in response to clearcutting of a spruce stand. The study of microbes...
|
|
|
Natural compounds potentially influencing neurodegenerative diseases
Mňuková, Daniela ; Opletal, Lubomír (advisor) ; Suchánková, Daniela (referee)
Mňuková D.: Natural compounds potentially influencing neurodegenerative diseases. Diploma thesis, Charles University in Prag, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department os Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical botany, Hradec Králové 2022, 88 s. This research diploma thesis draws mainly from foreign professional literature. It provides an overview of important natural substances that potentially influence neurodegenerative diseases. The first part describes the moct common neurodegenerative diseases, their characteristics, epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical picture. These diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Lewy body dementia, multisystem atrophy, Pick's disease and other tauopathies, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia and amyotrophic latelar sclerosis. The second part of diploma thesis presents natural substances that have been studied in preclinical and clinical studies in the last two decades for their potential to positively affect neurodegenerative diseases. The last part discusses the contribution of these natural substances fot therapy and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases. Keywords: neurodegenerative diseases, natural compounds, Alzheimer's disease, bioactive compounds
|
|
| |
|
|
Comparative methods for studying adaptive traits of fungal symbionts
Veselská, Tereza ; Kolařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Voigt, Kerstin (referee) ; Dvořák, Miloň (referee)
The kingdom Fungi encompasses an estimated 2.2 to 6.2 million species that occupy diverse environments, including aquatic, extremely dry, and hot or frosty habitats all over the world. To cope with adverse environmental conditions, fungi have developed numerous adaptations and life strategies, including symbiosis with other organisms, ranging from close, reciprocally beneficial (mutualistic) associations to severe pathogenic infestations. These interactions have an enormous impact on ecosystem functioning, with implications for agriculture and human health. For this reason, understanding the mechanisms enabling the successful development of fungal interactions is necessary for their efficient management. Recent advances in different 'omics' approaches have enabled us to compare species responses to the environment in a more complex way than before and to gain deeper insights into the adaptive mechanisms underlying specific life strategies. My thesis is divided into four main sections. In the first section, I sum up findings about adaptations of fungal symbionts of plants and animals. Then, I introduce two fungal genera, Geosmithia and Pseudogymnoascus, to which I applied comparative methods for tracking adaptive traits. The ecological diversity of the genus Geosmithia allows to trace adaptive...
|
|
| |
|
|
Fungi associated with tree roots
Charvátová, Markéta ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Gryndler, Milan (referee)
In contrast to the bulk soil environment, plant roots represent a habitat with higher nutrient availability due to the supply of photosynthesis-derived C-containing compounds. The roots thus support the life of various microorganisms that use such compounds, but the root-associated microbes in the same time may face a limitation in N and P availability. Unlike bacteria, many filamentous fungi are able to transport these compounds from soil and their mycelia thus typically extend into this environment. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are a typical example of this nutrition strategy. Tree roots produce exudates, that differ in thein composition for each species and they can also differ among individuals. It causes a high diversity of root-associated fungi. Soil is also inhabited by parasitic and saprotrophic fungi. Composition and activity of microbial communisies in the rhizosphere differ from the bulk soil. This work points at the differences of the rhizosphere and builk soil, the importance mycorrhizal fungi and it presents an overview of fungal species that have been found on the roots of spruce - Picea abies. Key words: fungi, mycorrhiza, soil, rhizosphere, Picea abies
|
|
|
Microbial communities of soils affected by long-term heavy metal contamination
Průchová, Pavla ; Kopecký, Jan (advisor) ; Matyska Lišková, Petra (referee)
This work is focused on microbial communities living in the soil affected by long-term exposure to heavy metals. The soil was sampled at two sites with different levels of contamination near Příbram. In the samples, respiration rate was measured in vitro after addition of carbon sources and at different levels of cadmium, one of the contaminating metals found in the soil. After the incubation with carbon sources, soil samples were collected for environmental DNA isolation. Gene coding for 16S rRNA in Actinobacteria was amplified from the environmental DNA samples and the amplicon composition was assessed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. The resulting profiles were used to compare actinobacterial communities in both groups of soil samples and in individual treatments. The analysis showed a clear distinction between the two sites differing in the contamination level and shifts in the community composition of various intesity depending on the added substrate.
|
|
|
Natural sources and sinks of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in the spruce forest ecosystem
Štangelová, Pavla ; Tesařová, Eva (advisor) ; Pavlík, Milan (referee)
Biogeochemical cycle of chlorine, particularly the formation of organically bound chlorine is still not well understood. In continental ecosystems chlorides act as source of chlorine, and also as a stress factor. Chlorides originate from precipitation of marine cloud masses. Organically bound chlorine in the environment is formed naturally by biotical and abiotical way. The biotical factors are microorganisms, plants, soil enzymes and animals. Volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (VOCl) represent one group of organically bound chlorines. Several volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons reacts with atmospheric ozone, consequently causing depletion of the ozone layer. The most important known terrestrial source of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons is the spruce forest ecosystem. Chlorine in the soil can be transformed by microorganisms into organically bound chlorine or translocated by transpiration stream in plants, where they are also transformed enzymatically into organically bound chlorine, and both of them can be emitted into the atmosphere. Too large amounts of chloride can affect the physiological functions of plants. In this thesis experiments were designed for measuring the natural emissions of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons from plants and fungi, with various periods of incubation, and also to...
|
guest ::
