|
|
How does mycorrhiza protect the plant against phytoparasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita?
Novák, Václav ; Janoušková, Martina (advisor) ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee)
The nematode species Meloidogyne incognita is an important plant endoparasite. The infectious developmental stage infects plant roots in the soil to form pathological morphological formations - galls. The most widely used means of protecting crops from nematode infestation are chemical agents, nematocides. However, in order to reduce the negative impact on the environment, emphasis is being placed on finding new, sustainable solutions to combat the parasites. One of these could be to exploit the benefits of arbuscular mycorrhizae (AM), which include increased protection of plants against biotic stresses. This may be due, in addition to improved nutrient availability (especially phosphorus), to the induction of a systemic defence response, or to the interaction of AM fungi with other organisms in the rhizosphere. The main objective of this study was to describe the effect of AM on the resistance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to root parasite, the nematode Meloidogyne incognita. In three containerized greenhouse experiment the following was tested 1) the nutrient conditions for tomato cultivation with mycorrhiza, then 2) the effect of nematodes on growth and nutrient uptake by experimental plants, the interaction between nematodes and AM fungi in the root system, and 3) the effect of root...
|
|
|
Is vertebrate local biodiversity influenced by beaver activity?
Komár, Ondřej ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Uhlíková, Jitka (referee)
Beavers (Castor spp.) are ecological engineers and keystone species thanks to their ability to significantly modify the landscape to suit their ecological needs. Beaver, however, do not only create suitable habitats for themselfs, but as well for the whole spectrum of other vertebrate species and thus they increase local species richness. Currently there are only two extant species of beaver, European beaver (Castor fiber) and North American beaver (Castor canadensis), but they do not differ in their ability to modify the local landscape under the same ecological conditions. The construction of a beaver dam on the water stream and the subsequent flooding of the landscape results in the creation of a beaver pond, which is suitable habitat for amphibians, freshwater turtles, water birds and shorebirds. Beavers also create suitable habitats for other semi-aquatic mammals such as muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) and Eurasian river otter (Lutra lutra). The efect of beaver activity on the local richness of fish species is complex and depends on the water stream characteristics, such as the stream gradient. Beaver dams can also limit the movement of migratory fish to some extent, but the dams do not represents an absolute migration barrier. Beaver do not just affect vertebrate communities inhabiting aquatic...
|
|
|
Additional hearing of the succession
Vonková, Kateřina ; Dvořák, Jan (advisor) ; Janoušková, Anežka (referee)
Additional hearing of the succession Abstract The thesis deals with the additional hearing of the succession as an institute of inheritance law, which is not dealt with as a whole in any professional publication. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to provide the reader with a comprehensive theoretical interpretation of the additional hearing of the succession in one place. The purpose of the thesis is to outline the complexity of the institute it deals with, both from the perspective of the legal regulation used in the additional hearing of the succession and from the perspective of the course of the different types of additional hearing of the succession and the difficulties in terms of its connection to the original succession proceedings and its current independence. The thesis provides a theoretical definition of the concept of the additional hearing of the succession and further demonstrates its nature as well as its characteristic elements, types of the additional hearing of the succession and its course. Beyond the theory, the thesis discusses the specifics that may arise in the course of a additional hearing of the succession. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first three chapters present the theoretical basis of the thesis and the last two chapters complement the above interpretation...
|
|
|
Man-eaters: history and the perspective of the conflict relationship of man and the largest predators of the planet Earth
Seidlová, Barbora ; Čech, Martin (advisor) ; Muška, Milan (referee)
This research bachelor thesis focuses on the problematics of man-eating predators, media coverage of their attacks, negative effect this has on the society and also their protection, which is currently very topical. The purpose of this thesis is discovering, whether these individual predators are actually man-eating and if so, for which reasons. This thesis closely focuses on conflicts between predators and humans in the recent years and also how to prevent these attacks from happening and how to act while confronted by a predator. The average number of attacks, their typical course and identification of predators by traces left by them, are listed as well. In conclusion, we can see that predator attacks are not as frequet as it appears by many sources. Thanks to the media coverage however, panic can be spread, leading to disposal of these so called predators, including endangered species, that need to be, for these reasons, protected. Keywords: Attacks, shark, crocodile, tiger, lion, leopard, bear
|
|
|
Ovarian stimulation and related hyperstimulation syndrome
Pohlová, Nikola ; Komrsková, Kateřina (advisor) ; Ješeta, Michal (referee)
Ovarian stimulation is a key process of assisted reproduction and it helps women in the treatment of infertility. Hormonal ovarian stimulation ensures the growth and development of ovarian follicles. The selected dominant follicle releases an oocyte during ovulation, which is destined for fertilization. In methods of artificial fertilization, multiple follicles are stimulated, and more oocytes are retrieved. The retrieved oocytes are then fertilised in vitro. In this thesis, the benefits and risks of the commonly used stimulation protocols are discussed. The focus is on optimizing stimulation for individual patients, considering their health status, functional ovarian reserve, and individual needs. Special stimulation protocols for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and for patients with cancer are presented. Ovarian stimulation is also applied to oocyte donors. The most serious risk of ovarian stimulation is ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Ovarian stimulation is also used in the rescue of endangered mammalian species or in the breeding of domesticated animals. The study of ovarian stimulation is important for the improvement of reproductive methods in human and veterinary medicine. Key words: follicles, ovarian stimulation, assisted reproduction, ovulation, risks
|
|
|
Zoochorous dispersal of vascular plants in the context of rewilding - study in the Milovice grazing reserve
Mádrová, Terezie ; Lepková, Barbora (advisor) ; Janíková, Eva (referee)
Seed dispersal is one of the most important mechanisms of plant population dynamics. One type of such dispersal is zoochory, i.e. the dispersal of seeds by animals, which is divided into two types - epizoochory (dispersal of seeds on the animal's body) and endozoochory (dispersal of seeds in the animal's digestive tract). For endozoochory in particular, the essential dispersers are large herbivores, which are one of the important elements defining the character and structure of vegetation and many species of which have disappeared from the European landscape as a result of human activity. Conservation management that uses the reintroduction of animal species to care for sites, is called rewilding. The non-profit organization Česká krajina deals with the reintroduction of large herbivores in our environment and established a reserve with horses (Equus ferus), European bison (Bison bonasus) and aurochs (Bos primigenus) in the former military area Milovice. My aim was to determine how these animals contribute to a local vegetation dynamics through zoochoric seed dispersal. I studied epizoochory using a germination experiment with the soil samples from under the so-called rubbing trees (by Heineken et al. 2006) from the spring of 2021. A total of 27 seedlings germinated from 120 soil samples, 85 % of...
|
|
|
Global phylogeography of the deep-sea fishes
Knězů, Tereza ; Musilová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Vukićová, Jasna (referee)
Phylogeography of deep-sea fish remains poorly explored, largely due to the extreme conditions in which these organisms live and limited technological capabilities for researching these species. The aim of this thesis is to summarize the information known about the phylogeography of deep-sea fish, identify factors influencing population distributions, and connect them on a global scale. The distribution of deep-sea fish populations is influenced by physical, topographic, and hydrographic factors. Their connectivity is driven by the migratory abilities of fish and the utilization of marine currents for their dispersion. Migration is divided into vertical and horizontal. The vast majority of deep sea fish undergo some form of migration, at least during ontogenetic development. The most common is diurnal vertical migration, where fish regularly move to shallower depths at night for feeding. Molecular methods, mainly mitochondrial DNA markers, were used for research to determine the phylogenetic tree of species. The results suggest that the topography of the seafloor is rarely a barrier to the flow of genetic information. Furthermore, the results often refute the hypothesis of isolation caused by the distance between populations. They often exhibit a relatively high rate of panmixia. When speciation...
|
|
|
Review of taxonomic history of bats of the family Molossidae of the Old World
Forró, Beáta ; Benda, Petr (advisor) ; Staňková, Markéta (referee)
0 Abstract This thesis deals with systematics and taxonomic expressions of the relationships within the Molossidae family. Further attention is devoted to the species that occur in the Old World. The work consists of four chapters: introduction, basic characteristics of the family, description of particular species and conclusions. The second chapter, focused on the characteristics of the family Molossidae, consists of a description of the family systematics, its distribution range, morphological characters and the role of molecular genetics in the taxonomy of this family. The third chapter briefly discusses the genera of the New World thereafter looks in detail at the evolution and various views on the taxonomy of the species in the Old World. The species on which the thesis focuses belong to the following genera: Platymops, Sauromys, Cheiromeles, Myopterus, Otomops, Chaerephon, Austronomus, Ozimops, Micronomus, Setirostris, Mops, Tadarida, and Mormopterus. The aim of this thesis is to summarize the opinions on the systematic arrangement as well as taxonomic representation of relationships in the Molossidae family of the Old World and to reveal areas that require further attention. It also provides a description of alternative taxonomic arrangements based on the available evidence.
|
|
|
Evolution of nuclear DNA content variation in the genus Mallomonas and its ecophysiological consequences
Čížková, Natálie ; Čertnerová, Dora (advisor) ; Trávníček, Pavel (referee)
The variability of genome size among eukaryotes and its consequences remains largely unknown. This is particularly true for unicellular eukaryotic organisms, also known as protists, whose nuclear DNA content is still largely unexplored. Across plants or animal studies, it has been repeatedly demonstrated that genome size is closely associated with cell size and may also be related to other eco-physiological parameters, such as growth rate, metabolic rate, or life strategy. In protists, the cell represents their entire body, allowing for the direct assessment of the impact of genome size on organismal phenotypic traits. In this thesis, with the use of flow cytometry, the absolute amount of nuclear DNA was estimated for 165 strains of the genus Mallomonas (Chrysophyceae) belonging to 64 species, revealing diversity in nuclear DNA content for nearly 1/4 of the globally recognized diversity of this genus. Based on the obtained data, up to 100-fold variability in nuclear DNA content was found across Mallomonas species (0.12 pg - 11.4 pg). Detected intraspecific variability in nuclear DNA content suggests the influence of various evolutionary mechanisms, for example multiple-fold difference in DNA content (even within closely related species) suggest frequent polyploidization in the genus Mallomonas....
|
|
|
Current knowledge and challenges associated with embryo transfer in assisted reproduction in humans and selected mammals.
Hrdová, Lucie ; Komrsková, Kateřina (advisor) ; Cozlová, Nina (referee)
The embryo transfer represents the final and pivotal step of in vitro fertilization, which leads to a successful implantation of the embryo into the uterus and subsequent birth of a healthy offspring if executed correctly. This bachelor thesis focuses on the technique of transfer using a catheter and the potential complications associated with it, including the optimal timing for the procedure. Furthermore, differences in forms of embryo transfer are discussed, assessing advantages and risks, comparing single and multiple, as well as fresh and frozen embryo transfer. The thesis introduces the related topic of cryopreservation and the possibilities in terms of preserving embryos for future use. This thesis also covers hormonal stimulation and uterine response, addressing specifically the role of gonadotropins, steroid hormones, prostaglandins, and the potential positive influence of human growth hormone on optimizing successful outcomes in assisted reproduction. Additionally, possible complications associated with embryo transfer in the early stages of pregnancy, as well as complications that may arise before the actual embryo implantation occurs are covered. Lastly, the issues related to embryo transfer in the context of controlled breeding of selected domesticated animals and endangered mammalian...
|
guest ::
