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Cytokines and chemokines, their role in the infections with helminths.
Majer, Martin ; Panská, Lucie (advisor) ; Leštinová, Tereza (referee)
Parasitic helminths belong to extracellular pathogens of mammals, including human. Immunologic response depends on their migration and site of dwelling within host body. The response is among other affected by cytokines and chemokines. These small proteins are responsible for appropriate proliferation and migration of other components of immune system. These bachelor thesis summarizes current knowledge about their role during helminth infection in mammals.
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Larval Stages of Flukes (Platyhelmintes: Trematoda) in Secondary School Education
Šulcová, Hana ; Říhová, Dagmar (advisor) ; Podroužková, Štěpánka (referee)
The parasites are one of the most important factors that shape relationships in the nature. This thesis deals mainly with developmental stages of trematodes (Platyhelmintes: Trematoda), especially the cercariae of so-called Schistosomes and sporocysts of Leucochloridium paradoxum, as well as with and their intermediate host - freshwater snails. Introductory chapters are focused on general introduction into the topic, such as basic terminology or occurrence issue of trematodes (mainly schistosomes) in the world and in the Czech Republic. In order to determine larval stages of flukes and their morphological types, the research was conducted in four Prague localities with known presence of aquatic snails. Only in one site, Kunratická tůň Pond, the constant presence of echinostomous cercariae (and in lesser extent also furcocercariae) in Radix labiata was recorded during summer season of 2015. In small pond in the Botanical Garden of the Natural Sciences Faculty of Charles University and in Modřanské tůně Ponds, xiphidocercarie in Lymnaea stagnalis were found. No cercarie were detected in the pond in the Genetic garden of Charles University. The presence of Leucochloridium paradoxum in the European Amber Snail Succinea putris was confirmed in the vicinity of Modřanské tůně Ponds. The verified...
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Immune response against skin-penetrating helminths with a focus on schistosomes
Revalová, Alena ; Macháček, Tomáš (advisor) ; Leštinová, Tereza (referee)
Breaching the vertebrate skin and overcoming the local immunity represents a critical step in the life cycles of many helminths. This bachelor thesis summarized the current knowledge of the skin immune response against schistosomes. Both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms are activated soon after the infection. Despite certain differences between mice and humans, complement, granulocytes and especially CD4+ T-lymphocytes are considered as key players in anti-schistosomal immunity of both species. However, several aspects of the host immune response, such as the initial source of cytokine IL-4, IL-10 or expression pattern of certain co- receptors remain unclear and warrant further research. A comprehensive understanding of the host immune response in the skin as well as the respective parasite immune evasion strategies is needed to boost vaccine development. Keywords: immune response, skin, lymph nodes, helminths, schistosomes
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Differentiation of totipotent germinal cells in larvae of bird schistosomes
Peštová, Jitka ; Horák, Petr (advisor) ; Chanová, Marta (referee)
This thesis aims to explore the larval development of a bird fluke Trichobilharzia regenti in its intermediate hosts, as well as the processes of differentiation of its embryonal cells and the differentiation between sporocystogenesis and cercariogenesis in sporocysts, with the ultimate goal to find out whether it is possible to find multiple generations of daughter sporocysts throughout the development of avian schistosomes in the intermediate hosts, just like in the case of human schistosomes of genus Schistosoma. Five developmental stages of daughter sporocysts, and ten developmental stages of cercariae have been defined. The first developmental stage in both larvae is the germinal cell. It divides and gives rise to a cell agregate. Afterwards an envelope (primitive epithelium) is formed around the embryo and subsequently, the embryo elongates. At this stage, the development of the two larvae undergoes different pathways. We can distinguish daughter sporocyst from cercaria in the phase, when the tegument is completed. The daughter sporocyst acquires characteristic vermiform appearance, and its body cavity contains plenty of germinal cells. For cercariae with an developed tegument, presence of the penetration glands is characteristic. Key words: Trichobilharzia regenti, germinal cells, mother...
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Cathepsins B of the bird schistosome, Trichobilharzia regenti
Dolečková, Kateřina ; Horák, Petr (advisor) ; Grevelding, Christoph (referee) ; Horn, Martin (referee)
1. Overview Schistosomes have achieved first position among parasitic helminths, because some of them are the etiological agents of a serious human parasitic disease, schistosomiasis, which affects over 200 million people in tropical and subtropical countries (WHO, 2001). Other schistosomatids, such as the bird flukes of the genus Trichobilharzia, have also implications for human health. Although they can mature only in specific hosts (birds), their invasive larvae - cercariae - are able to penetrate also human skin due to chemical signals similar to those present on bird skin (Haas and van de Roemer 1998). Repeated infections result in an inflammatory reaction of the skin called cercarial dermatitis. Due to the increasing number of outbreaks all around the world, cercarial dermatitis is cons disease (Kolářová 2007idered as re-emerging ; Larsen et al. 2004). Among schistosomes, Trichobilharzia regenti is the only species described so far having a unique migration route within vertebrate hosts: after penetration of the skin, the invasive larvae enter peripheral nerves and continue via the spinal cord and central nervous system to the nasal cavity of birds, causing neuromotor disorders or paralyses of birds and even experimental mammals (Hrádková...
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Immune response against skin-penetrating helminths with a focus on schistosomes
Revalová, Alena ; Macháček, Tomáš (advisor) ; Leštinová, Tereza (referee)
Breaching the vertebrate skin and overcoming the local immunity represents a critical step in the life cycles of many helminths. This bachelor thesis summarized the current knowledge of the skin immune response against schistosomes. Both innate and adaptive immune mechanisms are activated soon after the infection. Despite certain differences between mice and humans, complement, granulocytes and especially CD4+ T-lymphocytes are considered as key players in anti-schistosomal immunity of both species. However, several aspects of the host immune response, such as the initial source of cytokine IL-4, IL-10 or expression pattern of certain co- receptors remain unclear and warrant further research. A comprehensive understanding of the host immune response in the skin as well as the respective parasite immune evasion strategies is needed to boost vaccine development. Keywords: immune response, skin, lymph nodes, helminths, schistosomes
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Differentiation of totipotent germinal cells in larvae of bird schistosomes
Peštová, Jitka ; Horák, Petr (advisor) ; Chanová, Marta (referee)
This thesis aims to explore the larval development of a bird fluke Trichobilharzia regenti in its intermediate hosts, as well as the processes of differentiation of its embryonal cells and the differentiation between sporocystogenesis and cercariogenesis in sporocysts, with the ultimate goal to find out whether it is possible to find multiple generations of daughter sporocysts throughout the development of avian schistosomes in the intermediate hosts, just like in the case of human schistosomes of genus Schistosoma. Five developmental stages of daughter sporocysts, and ten developmental stages of cercariae have been defined. The first developmental stage in both larvae is the germinal cell. It divides and gives rise to a cell agregate. Afterwards an envelope (primitive epithelium) is formed around the embryo and subsequently, the embryo elongates. At this stage, the development of the two larvae undergoes different pathways. We can distinguish daughter sporocyst from cercaria in the phase, when the tegument is completed. The daughter sporocyst acquires characteristic vermiform appearance, and its body cavity contains plenty of germinal cells. For cercariae with an developed tegument, presence of the penetration glands is characteristic. Key words: Trichobilharzia regenti, germinal cells, mother...
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Cytokines and chemokines, their role in the infections with helminths.
Majer, Martin ; Panská, Lucie (advisor) ; Leštinová, Tereza (referee)
Parasitic helminths belong to extracellular pathogens of mammals, including human. Immunologic response depends on their migration and site of dwelling within host body. The response is among other affected by cytokines and chemokines. These small proteins are responsible for appropriate proliferation and migration of other components of immune system. These bachelor thesis summarizes current knowledge about their role during helminth infection in mammals.
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Larval Stages of Flukes (Platyhelmintes: Trematoda) in Secondary School Education
Šulcová, Hana ; Říhová, Dagmar (advisor) ; Podroužková, Štěpánka (referee)
The parasites are one of the most important factors that shape relationships in the nature. This thesis deals mainly with developmental stages of trematodes (Platyhelmintes: Trematoda), especially the cercariae of so-called Schistosomes and sporocysts of Leucochloridium paradoxum, as well as with and their intermediate host - freshwater snails. Introductory chapters are focused on general introduction into the topic, such as basic terminology or occurrence issue of trematodes (mainly schistosomes) in the world and in the Czech Republic. In order to determine larval stages of flukes and their morphological types, the research was conducted in four Prague localities with known presence of aquatic snails. Only in one site, Kunratická tůň Pond, the constant presence of echinostomous cercariae (and in lesser extent also furcocercariae) in Radix labiata was recorded during summer season of 2015. In small pond in the Botanical Garden of the Natural Sciences Faculty of Charles University and in Modřanské tůně Ponds, xiphidocercarie in Lymnaea stagnalis were found. No cercarie were detected in the pond in the Genetic garden of Charles University. The presence of Leucochloridium paradoxum in the European Amber Snail Succinea putris was confirmed in the vicinity of Modřanské tůně Ponds. The verified...
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