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Deferred tax as a measurement of earnings management
Mišoň, Matěj ; Novák, Jiří (advisor) ; Hronec, Martin (referee) ; Pečená, Magda (referee)
This thesis investigates relationships between deferred taxes and possible earnings management in publicly traded companies on London Stock Exchange in FTSE 350 in the last several years. It also discusses other possibilities of earnings management, mostly by accruals. It builds on a model introduced by (Phillips J. D., Pincus, Rego, & Wan, 2004), which is a "probit" econometric maximum-likelihood estimation model. The results suggest there might be no relation of net deferred tax liabilities on earnings management to avoid a decline in earnings, and possibly some relation, although inconclusive, of deferred tax expense on earnings management.
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Impacts of the Reform of Czech Insolvency Law (esp. Discharge of the Debt) on the Czech Retail Financial Markets
Baumannová, Tereza ; Richter, Tomáš (advisor) ; Pečená, Magda (referee)
The introduction of debt relief in the context of the Czech Insolvency Act is one of the most important legal reforms in the Czech Republic. This trend can not only be observed in the Czech Republic but has become part of the legal framework of many European countries in the last two decades. Such a significant change in the law necessarily brought the response of financial institutions. The empirical question remains whether it is possible to quantitatively examine such a significant change in legislation on credit markets for Czech households. This question is sought by the author in the diploma thesis regarding to the two dependent variables - annual percentage rate and volumes of new loans. Key Words Insolvency, insolvency proceedings, bankruptcy, mortgage, cash loan, indebtedness, households
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Blockchain-based DeFi lending: A challenge to traditional finance?
Knížek, Ondřej ; Pečená, Magda (advisor) ; Hronec, Martin (referee)
The goal of the thesis is to identify the factors that determine the default rate of the loans, with a particular focus on the pioneering research of blockchain-based decentralised loans. The thesis describes blockchain technology, its development, and functions, introduces decentralised finance (DeFi), and examines its advantages and challenges. The thesis's analytic part compares DeFi loans and peer-to-peer loans as an alternative to the traditional financial system. The blockchain-based DeFi loans realized through lending Compound are analysed by a logit model that predicts liquidation rate and examines if it is possible to perform the prediction without any information about the borrower due to the complete anonymity in DeFi lending. To illustrate the difference, the data from the Czech peer-to-peer lending platform Zonky was used to set up two logit models. While the first model uses all available variables, the second model is based only on loan-related variables to achieve a more precise comparison to DeFi loans. Results revealed several statistically significant determinants of default rate in the case of all three models. While the results of the Compound model cannot be compared with the existing literature, the default rate determinants in the case of peer-to-peer loans confirm the...
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Challenges of IFRS 9 under COVID-19 crisis
Stefanov, Adam ; Pečená, Magda (advisor) ; Teplý, Petr (referee)
The purpose of this thesis is to analyse provisioning in banks according to the new accounting standard IFRS 9 under COVID-19 crisis, and the difference between provisioning under IFRS 9 and the previous IAS 39 standard in the Czech Republic. We examine the procyclicality of provisioning and income smoothing practices in Czech banks on individual banking groups data and on aggregated total banking sector. We use panel regression and Ordinary Least Squares on quarterly aggregated real data for the period 1Q2008-4Q2021. The provisioning under IAS 39 incurred loss model was procyclical, and therefore IASB introduced IFRS 9 - a new three-stages ECL model to calculate impairment and provisions in a forward-looking manner, which it believed to be countercyclical. First, we find that the provisioning in Czech banks under IFRS 9 still behave procyclically, even though the banks create provisions immediately when the macroeconomic environment deteriorates compared to the delayed provisioning under IAS 39. We discuss a possible solution to the procyclicality problem that could lie in the US GAAP CECL model. Second, we provide evidence that the introduction of IFRS 9 discouraged banks from income smoothing practices via provisions, thus removing some inefficiency of the previous standard.
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Non-bank financial intermediaries and their role in the financial market
Novotná, Tereza ; Pečená, Magda (advisor) ; Nechvátalová, Lenka (referee)
This thesis analyses the role of non-bank financial intermediaries in the Czech financial market, with the emphasis on comparison of efficiencies of banks and non-bank financial corporations engaged in lending. This paper addresses their influence on the financial market both in the global and in the Czech environ- ment. The evaluation of the performance of the individual parts of the Czech financial sector is conducted using the Data Envelopment Analysis, which yields specific efficiency scores. Based on these values, aggregated data on banks and non-bank financial corporations engaged in lending are compared against each other and over the time period from 2013 to 2021.
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The Czech banking sector: Determinants of Profitability
Hykl, Daniel ; Pečená, Magda (advisor) ; Teplý, Petr (referee)
This thesis is concerned with Czech banking sector in 2015 - 2020 and its profitability. A set of bank-specific and macroeconomic variables is tested for profitability determination effects by a general profitability model estimated with system GMM, FE, and OLS methods, yearly and quarterly data are used. The results indicate negative effects on bank profitability of the following on both yearly and quarterly bases: capitalization, operational efficiency, and inflation change, and positive effects on bank profitability of the following on both yearly and quarterly bases: bank size and GDP growth. The thesis also analyzes quarterly changes in bank assets, liabilities, and equity. The results indicate systematic drops of liabilities and assets reported as of year-ends. Potential explanations are discussed along with suggestions for further research as this study presents a complex set of insights, results, and experience ready to be augmented with further efforts.
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Leasing Financing and Debt Financing - Determinants and the Linkages with the Economy
Migová, Patrícia ; Pečená, Magda (advisor) ; Jakubík, Petr (referee)
This study examines the macroeconomic and legal determinants of leasing fi- nancing. The dataset used in this thesis is an unbalanced panel. It includes 30 countries and covers the period between 2012 and 2020. The leasing to GDP ratio represents the dependent variable. The key determinants are examined by the dynamic System Generalized method of moments. The results indicate that statistically significant macroeconomic variables are in line with the economic theory. The borrowing interest rate and value-added tax show the most robust results. Moreover, the value-added tax is the most important tax variable that negatively impacts leasing, and it was the only statistically significant regulatory variable. Furthermore, the analysis for the leasing to credit ratio is provided. The results support the existing literature that the corporate tax rate is an important determinant for leasing to credit ratio from the macroeconomic point of view and not only from the firms' perspective. Keywords Leasing financing, Debt financing, panel data models, System GMM estimator
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Effect of Green New Deal on investment funds
Prokš, Petr ; Pečená, Magda (advisor) ; Šíla, Jan (referee)
Socially responsible investing (SRI) had in recent decades gained in importance. Despite that there is no consensus amongst researchers regarding SRI effect on short-term or long-term fund's performance in the United States. This paper seeks to utilize standard economic models (CAPM, 3-factor Fama-French) on latest (January 2018 to December 2021) data. In addition, author seeks to look for performance trend by splitting observed period to one before Covid crisis and during the crisis. Then he will look for any significant impact on funds' performance and its characteristics. Final part consists of observing effect of published articles by news outlet and whether there is any impact. News divided into positive and negative with regards to SRI thematic. Results implies that performance is negatively correlated with higher ranking of social consciousness of fund (ESG value was used) and that manager of funds with lower ESG standards are better at stock-picking. Study did not find any significant long-term effect of Covid crisis while short-term effect suggested greater need for funds to employ stock-picking skill. News effects were generally insignificant with effect of bad news being stronger than effect of positive news. Keywords Financial markets, Socially responsible investing, ESG, market news...
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Macroeconomic stress-testing of banking systems: survey of methodologies and empirical application
Šimečková, Jana ; Geršl, Adam (advisor) ; Pečená, Magda (referee)
This thesis deals with stress testing as a process that helps to assess the impact of potential adverse shocks on the soundness of a financial system. First section is dedicated to non-technical discussion about stress testing and to some methodological issues. The main focus lies on the system-wide macroeconomic stress testing. The empirical part of the thesis is a contribution to macroprudential analysis of the quality of the aggregate loan portfolio in the Czech Republic. This study adopts a vector autoregression model applied to the Czech banking sector in order to judge its stability and present some evidence on macroeconomic variables affecting the Czech banking system. As a measure of the strength of the loan portfolio is used the stock of non-performing loans vis-à-vis total loans in the sector. The thesis follows the widely used methodology and seeks to identify significant macroeconomic risk factors affecting the loan portfolio quality. The latter part aims also to forecast the most likely development of the loan portfolio.
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