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Scotland's ethical paradiplomacy as strategic narratives
White, Kenneth ; Paterson, Ian (vedoucí práce) ; Hynek, Nikola (oponent)
This dissertation seeks to interrogate Scotland's upcoming publication of a feminist approach to international relations, announced in 2021 - situating it within a growing cohort of states. It assumes the position that Scotland's international activities - conceptualised as paradiplomacy - are already feminist. In conducting this argument, it will explore questions as to why Scotland adopts a feminist foreign policy and as to how this policy might look. The analytical frameworks necessary to answer these questions are conjured through feminist theory, soft power, and strategic narratives. Building on these concepts, content analysis is utilised in relation to Scottish Government communications through the years of Scotland's 'good global citizenship' from 2016 until the present. From this approach, an array of interesting feminist strategic narratives are gleaned and harnessed to better understand how Scotland approaches gender within its paradiplomacy.
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The instrumentalisation of child trafficking: Competing discursive constructions between the US Government and QAnon?
Borg, Alessia ; Paterson, Ian (vedoucí práce) ; Fitzgerald, James (oponent)
Child trafficking has been a primary interest of international actors. The United States has steered its legislation and anchored it in a solid treat narrative. Recent years have seen QAnon construct a competitive framing of the issue. This paper addressed how the established securitisation of the United States was disrupted by QAnon's intervention. It inquired about the nature of the disruption and questioned whether and how both actors entered a competitive securitisation dynamic over child trafficking. This has been done through the lens of discourse analysis to operationalise securitisation theory and evaluate the prominence of its three criteria: the framing of the threat, audience acceptance and subsequent measures. It found that the United States securitisation was being contested by QAnon's attempt at securitising the issue from below. While the attempt has only been partially successful, QAnon successfully established itself as a legitimate competing narrative actor. However, adherence to QAnon's narrative is on the rise and attention should be given to its evolution to prevent further damage to the government's rule of Law. The discursive competition processes have also impacted the perception of child trafficking and its subsequent mitigation by perpetrating stereotypes and...
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Grey geopolitics: Morocco and the strategic use of hybrid warfare in Spanish territories in North Africa.
Valdivia Cuenca, Alicia Maria ; Paterson, Ian (vedoucí práce) ; Kučera, Tomáš (oponent)
This dissertation examines Morocco's strategic use of Hybrid Warfare against the Spanish territories of Ceuta and Melilla in North Africa. By focusing on the roots of the conflict and the tools employed, the study aims to understand why and how Hybrid Warfare is the chosen approach and its implications. This analysis contributes to a broader understanding of Hybrid Warfare beyond traditional cases, emphasising its relevance in contemporary international relations. In this sense, the intention is to highlight an actor aiming to achieve traditional strategic goals through non-traditional methods. Furthermore, it aims to prove the utility of Hybrid Warfare as an analytical concept using pre- existing Hybrid Warfare frameworks. Three additional tools will be used to add complexity and depth to the analysis: coercive migration, economic coercion and diplomatic coercion. The goal is to frame events like the 2021 Crisis Migration in Ceuta or the change in the Spanish foreign policy position towards Western Sahara in 2022 within the Moroccan Hybrid Warfare strategy. Keywords: Hybrid Warfare, Morocco, Hybrid Threats, Spanish Territories in North Africa, Grey Zone, Coercive Migration, Economic Coercion, Diplomatic Coercion.
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Illegal migration as a hybrid warfare practice: The case of the Republic of Cyprus
Andronicou, Christina Maria ; Kaunert, Christian (vedoucí práce) ; Paterson, Ian (oponent)
In our changing world, the phenomenon of migration is an ongoing process due to the need of those people to get a better life. Migration has different dimensions, it can include individuals who are seeking asylum, for an improvement of their economic or social status. The phenomenon of globalisation, which is an unstoppable process, has created new realities for the international system. The balances between war and peace are obscure and as a result many times the human pain is being utilised as a weapon for the states to achieve their strategic interests. The western developed definition of Hybrid warfare can conclude what "instrumentalization" of migration refers to. It becomes apparent that migration has become one of the most powerful weapons for the arsenal of states and non-state actors to pressure, achieve or exploit other opponents from their strategic interests. Turkey has utilised the status quo in Cyprus and the illegality of the so-called "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus", to achieve its interest in the island. The undeclared hybrid war is being performed through the massive illegal migration flows from "TRNC" to the Republic of Cyprus by crossing the RoC. Turkey and "TRNC" have a protagonistic role to the instrumentalization and the formulation of this process, having the...
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Retreat in Multiculturalism Policies? A Case Study of Sweden's Integration Policy in the Aftermath of the Migrant Crisis of 2015
Budathoki, Sunaina ; Gaynor, Niamh (vedoucí práce) ; Bureš, Oldřich (oponent) ; Paterson, Ian (oponent)
In the last few decades, the multiculturalism backlash has manifested in Europe. Too often, the discourse on multiculturalism has been deemed a result of misguided policies. In the autumn of 2015, the entry of asylum seekers reached an unprecedented level with approximately 100,000 individuals requesting asylum in a span of just three months. As a result of the extraordinary flow of asylum seekers and insufficient domestic preparedness, Sweden implemented temporary legislation on providing permanent residence and family reunification. This change in legislation was met with vast criticism as a retreat from multiculturalism towards an assimilationist model of integration. At the same time, the far- right anti-immigration political party, the Sweden Democrats were gaining a stronger support base and changing the political landscape of the country often commended for its reception of refugees, openness and officially declared multicultural policies. Was there really a retreat in multiculturalism in Sweden as an aftermath of the Migrant Crisis? Was this retreat rhetorical and/or at a policy level as well? This research examines Sweden's integration policies post-2015 based on Stephen Castles' theoretical underpinning regarding policy reactions to immigration and an eight-part framework designed by Will...
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A Mixed Picture Election: The Online Visual Framing of Migration in the 2019 European Parliament Election Campaigns
Bartley, Laura ; Paterson, Ian (vedoucí práce) ; Střítecký, Vít (oponent) ; Fitzgerald, James (oponent)
While there have been numerous studies focusing on the discourse used when discussing migration by both the media and political elites, the visual framing of migration as communicated by political parties has not garnered the same attention. As such the present study sets out to analyse the visual and written political communication relating to migration policy in the 2019 European Parliament election campaigns. The aim is to understand how the issue of migration was visually framed on social media by official parties during the 2019 European Parliament elections in the United Kingdom, and will thereby draw on securitisation and visual theory to examine whether migration was securitised during the campaign (and if so whether this securitisation differs to traditional understandings of this process). By developing and applying a visual securitisation framework to guide the qualitative visual analysis, the study focuses on how each political party visually represented their migration policy through official online social media accounts. The study also focuses on 'image-text entanglements' in online activity and how visual representations replicate or diverge from the framing of migration in the political party's manifesto (textual) framing. The results show that while certain pro-Brexit parties...
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