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The testing of familiar relationship in the identification genetics
Bobková, Alena ; Vaněk, Daniel (advisor) ; Zemanová, Zuzana (referee)
This bachelor's thesis analyses kinship testing in identification genetics, which is a discipline enabling the genetic identification of individuals and the determination of genetic relatedness between them. This thesis covers a wide range of applications from forensic analysis through genealogical studies to biodiversity conservation. This field has been rapidly growing and gaining on importance since the 1980s, when the foundations of DNA fingerprinting were laid based on the discovery of hypervariable minisatellite regions in the genome. This thesis aims to provide an overview of methods and techniques that are used for genetic identification and kinship testing. The thesis discusses genetic markers such as STRs or SNPs, which are the basis for genetic profiling, are discussed. In addition statistical methods for evaluating genetic match and methodologies for determining the probability of kinship are also discussed. Finally, practical applications of identification genetics are presented, including its use in forensic science or in case of solving genealogical questions. The potential and future development of the technologies and their impact on society is discussed at the end of the thesis. Thus, the thesis contributes to a better understanding of the importance and opportunities of...
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Microbial Forensics
Stejskalová, Pavlína ; Vaněk, Daniel (advisor) ; Šneberger, Jiří (referee)
Microbial forensics is a young field that emerged in response to the Anthrax attacks in September and October 2001, later known as Amerithrax. At this time, forensic microbiology aimed to analyze microbial evidence associated with bioterrorism and biocrime. With the onset of metabarcoding and the advent of new generation sequencing, it has been possible to extend the scope of forensic microbiology. Nowadays microbial forensics can be applied in environmental monitoring, forensic identification based on personalized microbiomes, study of the influence of microorganisms on corpse decomposition, investigation of sexually motivated crime, archaeological and anthropological investigations, interpretation of forensic toxicology results and in the clarification in cases of sudden death. Keywords: bioterrorism, B-agens, environmental monitoring, microbiome, identification, PMI, stability of forensic samples, sexome, SIDS
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The comparison of animal species determination (barcoding) methods
Maťátková, Jana ; Vaněk, Daniel (advisor) ; Sember, Alexandr (referee)
Species identification is the key element in many scientific fields, from diversity studies to forensic science and the food industry. Traditional morphological methods based on the visual distinction of anatomical features often encounter limits associated with distinguishing morphologically similar animals. However, with the rise of molecular methods, a new perspective has emerged, namely DNA analysis, which offers higher accuracy and independence from external factors. This bachelor's thesis presents a detailed overview and a comparsion of various molecular methods used to identify animals. It focuses on a thorough evaluation of the principles of these methods and their effectiveness. Special attention is paid to target sequences associated with DNA barcoding, its universal use and limitations that may arise depending on specific animal species. An important element of successful identification is the existence and use of databases that serve as a source of reference data to compare sequences from unknown samples.
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Sampling of biological material for forensic examinations
Bartková, Viktória ; Vaněk, Daniel (advisor) ; Tomášek, Petr (referee)
This bachelor's thesis discusses the basic methods and procedures for securing biological material, subsequent analysis of which is an essential component in the process of investigating crime offences, but also mass fatality inccidents. Due to the risk of contamination and degradation of biological material, it is necessary to follow certain rules and procedures for secure sampling suitable for subsequent forensic examination. The main goal of securing a trace of biological material is to enable its DNA analysis, for which it is necessary to ensure a certain degree of integrity of the material itself as well as the nucleic acid. Stability can be achieved by using stabilizing agents that slow DNA degradation, allowing it to be analyzed immediately but also reexamined over time. Keywords: wildlife crime, forensic, DNA, species and individual identification, sampling
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The influence of tanning chemical agens on DNA degradation
Hebenstreitová, Kristýna ; Vaněk, Daniel (advisor) ; Novák, Jindřich (referee)
The illegal wildlife trade is currently on the rise, and it is becoming the fourth most lucrative sector of crime. The traded commodities of this sector are, for example, various animal artefacts from skins, teeth, scales, tusks, claws to whole animal bodies, as well as eggs of endangered birds (parrots and birds of prey) or amphibians and snakes. The rarer the species is, the higher the demand for it grows. Wildlife trade is regulated (among other things) under the international CITES convention (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora). Proving that this convention has been violated, is complex process and can be very difficult to achieve. In many cases a DNA analysis of the artefact, is the only way to prove, that it originates from a protected animal species and not from a species with which it is legal to trade. This thesis deals with a specific type of animal artefact - tanned skins. With this type of biological material, it is often problematic to obtain amplifiable DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). This thesis is investigating the influence of the chemicals used in the tanning process on the DNA degradation. Furthermore, it analyses, the influence of these substances on the inhibition of the polymerase chain reaction. The quantity of DNA is determined...
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The impact of chimerism in DNA-based forensic analysis
Kalousková, Martina ; Šimková, Halina (advisor) ; Vaněk, Daniel (referee)
The presence of two or more zygotically distinct lineages in a single person refers to chimerism. All types of chimerism have positive as well as negative impact on health of human chimeras. Both congenital and acquired chimerism must be taken into account in diagnostics, genetics but also in the forensic DNA analysis. This phenomenon has impact on the results of individual identification and kinship determination. With the forensic analysis it is possible to detect chimerism of people under investigation. Even though these situations are rare, some cases of wrong identification proving the consequences of the chimerism are recorded.
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Návrh silového členu simulátoru zátěže pro dlouhodobé zkoušky VTG aktuátoru
VANĚK, Daniel
The topic of diploma thesis is focused on the design of the life of the power member of the preparation with springs (the load simulator). The preparation is used for long-term testing of VTG (Variable Turbinen Geometrie) actuators. The diploma thesis follows the author's bachelor's thesis (Vaněk, 2019). The theoretical part is focused on the fatigue of the material, the geometry of the used springs, the decomposition of the test profile using the Rain flow method and the Matlab (interactive software). The practical part of that thesis deals with the analysis of the test profile, the calculation of the accumulation of damage and the statistical evaluation of the service life of the used springs.
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Biological age prediction using DNA analysis
Stokičová, Linda ; Vaněk, Daniel (advisor) ; Tomášek, Petr (referee)
Eye colour, hair colour and biogeographical origin can be predicted based on DNA analysis. This is used in forensic genetics when an unknown perpetrator leaves a biological material on a crime scene. Prediction of biological age is the subject of further research. Nowadays, there is no standardised model, which can be used for accurate prediction. The best option for biological age prediction is DNA methylation - stable epigenetic modification. Many markers have been evaluated. Methylation of these markers correlates with biological age positively or negatively. Methylation has tissue specificity, so one model cannot be applied on all types of tissues. Model for biological age prediction can be applied during investiganting of a criminal activity, when the identity of a person commiting a crime is unknown. Key words: methylation, chronological age, biological age, DNA analysis, forensic genetics
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Determination of mtDNA sequence variation in czech population for the usage in forensic genetics.
Řadová, Marie ; Coufalová, Pavla (advisor) ; Vaněk, Daniel (referee)
In forensic research and practice is used an analysis of nuclear DNA commonly. However, in some cases we can use only mitochondrial DNA. The mtDNA is maternally inherited and it is located in the each cell approximately in 500 copies. Barring mutation in special noncoding segments, the mtDNA sequence of siblings and all maternal relatives is identical. This unique haplotyp can be helpful in forensic cases, such as analyzing the remains of a missing person, where known maternal relatives can provide reference samples for direct comparison to the questioned mtDNA type. MtDNA is also very resistant to the external influences, so in the cases where the amount of extracted DNA is very small or degraded it is more likely that a DNA typing result can be obtained by typing mtDNA than by typing polymorphic markers found in nuclear DNA. If we want to have a certain probability to exclude or confirm the match of two samples, classify suspect or missing person into a population, we need some enough wide comparison by the population databases. Then we can study the frequencies of different haplotypes in particular population. The aim of this thesis is summery of history of DNA analysis, mtDNA sequencing and comparison of data available in published databases in the world and mainly in the Czech Republic. There is also...
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IS in identification genetics
Dorčáková, Terézia ; Vaněk, Daniel (advisor) ; Formanová, Dominika (referee)
DNA analysis serves as a highly efficient identification tool when the biological material to be identified is heavily damaged or does not carry sufficient morphological characteristics. It is employed for human, but also for non-human identification in numerous cases such as crime investigation and prevention, populational studies, kinship analysis, paternity testing, mass grave body recognition or endangered species rescue. For successful identification, it is necessary to collect and maintain DNA profile databases. Such databases hold records of people involved in criminal activity or sequences from non-human sources. This work intends to review how identification and kinship analysis using genetic material works. Next, the most important databases collecting DNA profiles are summarised. Although the benefits of such databases are vast, there are many ethical concerns about misuse of such private information. For convenient database queries, a dedicated set of command line tools has been implemented by the author. These are used for an exemplary species identification of an unknown sequence.
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