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The circulating cell-free DNA as a biomarker of civilization diseases
Dyachenko, Yulia ; Daňková, Pavlína (advisor) ; Vaňková, Markéta (referee)
The incidence of civilization diseases in the population is increasing every year due to changing environmental conditions and modern lifestyles. These diseases reduce the quality of life, lead to health complications or even death of patients. This can be prevented by monitoring health status. Circulating free DNA (cfDNA) has the potential to be introduced as a non-invasive biomarker. Possible mechanisms of cfDNA release are apoptosis, necrosis, NETosis, pyroptosis and active secretion. The occurrence of these processes in some civilization diseases allows the use of cfDNA as a biomarker. The aim of this work was to summarize the current knowledge on the possibility of using cfDNA in the diagnosis, monitoring of the development and course of some diseases of civilization, namely obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke. From the available literature it can be concluded that cfDNA could be used in clinical practice for the purposes described above. Key words: Circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA), civilization diseases, biomarker, obesity, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke.
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Mental Health Support for Employees during the COVID-19 pandemic
Vaňková, Markéta ; Fonville, Alexandra (advisor) ; Baumgartner, František (referee)
The aim of the thesis is to analyse the possibilities of mental health support for employees during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic. The thesis deals with the relation between mental health and work, especially in terms of psychosocial risks, which arise from working conditions or the character of work. In these terms, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on working life and mental health in the Czech Republic is explained. The thesis focuses on the group of white-collar workers i.e., administrative, professional, or managerial workers, who were working mainly from home office during the COVID-19 pandemic. The thesis presents options of the mental health support for employees and ways of managing the psychosocial risks of work. Related legislative and strategic frameworks of the Czech Republic and international organizations are introduced, as well as actions or programmes of mental health support for employees in organizations. The thesis includes empirical research that aims to analyse the mental health support provided to employees during the COVID-19 pandemic in selected organisations. The research focuses on a group of white-collar workers in large organisations based in Prague. Key words: mental health, safety at work and health protection, employee care, psychosocial risks,...
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Šluknovský výběžek: Identities, Narratives, Representations.
Vaňková, Markéta ; Uherek, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Moravcová, Mirjam (referee)
The thesis results from a qualitative anthropological research conducted in the border area of Šluknovský výběžek. The research subject is the construction and representation of local identites by the inhabitants of the borderland. The first part of the thesis contains an analyzis of local identity construction by the people who migrated into the studied area in the 2nd half of the 20th century. The key concept of this part is the concept of narrativity. The author analyzes the potential re-territorialization of local identity of new settlers as well as the geographical demarcation of the local identity with regard to the near national borderline. Furthermore, there are described distinct post-migration adaptation strategies of the new settlers. In the second part the author focuses on the public representations of the studied area by local activists. Three different projects aspiring to represent and thus establish the studied area as an internally homogenous (trans-border) region are analyzed. Thereby the thesis refers to the issue of the European Union and interconnected idea of European regionalism.
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Genetic and Hormonal Regulation of Children's Growth
Vosáhlo, Jan ; Lebl, Jan (advisor) ; Marek, Josef (referee) ; Vaňková, Markéta (referee)
Genetic and Hormonal Regulation of Children's Growth MUDr. Jan Vosáhlo Abstract Growth in childhood is a complex process of changing the body, which can be disrupted by various illnesses including endocrine disorders, particularly growth hormone deficiency. Tumors or other processes affecting hypothalamic-pituitary area can be a postnatal cause of GHD; prenatal causes include 1) developmental disorders of the pituitary as part of complex syndromes, 2) developmental disorders of the pituitary due to defects in regulatory genes and 3) defects in genes involved in the synthesis and secretion of GH. The first topic of the thesis was septo-optic dysplasia - a complex syndrome involving optic nerve hypoplasia, structural brain abnormalities and pituitary dysfunctions. We extensively described phenotype in 11 Czech patients; we observed both complete SOD and incomplete forms variously combining two of the three main components of the syndrome. The cohort then became a part of an international study of 68 patients, in which we studied the phenotype in dependence on the brain morphology. We found correlation between the severity of clinical symptoms and the degree of septum pellucidum abnormities and also a correlation between hippocampus and falx abnormities and neurological symptoms. As the second topic we studied...
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Polymorphism rs180128 in the PPARγ gene in relation to the concentration and composition of fatty acids in Czech adolescents
Hovhannisyan, Milena ; Vaňková, Markéta (advisor) ; Uhrová Mészárosová, Anna (referee)
The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes in the adolescent population has been steadily rising. According to the previous studies, the rs1801282 (Pro12Ala) polymorphism in the PPARγ gene is connected to the development of obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, hyperlipidaemia, and other metabolic complications of type 2 diabetes. Data collection was undertaken as part of the COPAT project (Childhood Obesity Prevalence and Treatment). A sample of 2246 Czech adolescents aged 13-17 was genotyped using RT-PCR and subjected to further anthropometric and clinical measurements, and biochemical testing. Data on their nutritional intake and dietary habits were collected as well. A randomly selected subgroup of 735 individuals was further tested for serum fatty acids ratios. Our goal was to 1) determine the effect of the rs1801282 polymorphism in the PPARγ gene on the anthropometric, clinical and biochemical parameters, 2) determine the effect of the interaction between the rs1801282 polymorphism in the PPARγ gene and obesity or overweightness on the observed parameters. The frequency of Ala allele in our sample was 15%. Ala allele was associated with lower fasting c-peptide (p=0,006) and fasting insulin levels (p=0,035). In obese Ala boy carriers higher levels of phospholipid and triacylglycerol...
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Polymorphism rs in the PPARG gene in relation to the concentration and composition of fatty acids in Czech adolescents
Hovhannisyan, Milena ; Vaňková, Markéta (advisor) ; Uhrová Mészárosová, Anna (referee)
The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes in the adolescent population has been steadily rising. According to the previous studies, the rs1801282 (Pro12Ala) polymorphism in the PPARG gene is connected to the development of obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, hyperlipemia, and other markers of type 2 diabetes. Data collection was undertaken as part of the COPAT project (Childhood Obesity Prevalence and Treatment). A sample of 2246 Czech adolescents aged 13-17 was genotyped using RT-PCR. 735 individuals from this sample were subjected to further anthropometric and clinical measurements, and biochemical testing. Data on their nutritional intake and dietary habits were collected as well. Our goal was to 1) determine the effect of the polymorphism on the anthropometric, clinical and biochemical parameters, 2) determine the effect of the genotype-phenotype interaction on the lipid spectra. We measured the frequency of Ala allele as 15%. Ala allele was associated with lower fasting c-peptide (p=0,006) and fasting insulin levels (p=0,035). In obese Ala carriers we detected higher levels of phospholipid and triacylglycerol ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid than in lean Ala carriers or obese noncarriers. Keywords: PPARγ2, Pro12Ala, fatty acids, obesity, COPAT project
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Monogenic causes of obesity
Toman, Izabela ; Včelák, Josef (advisor) ; Vaňková, Markéta (referee)
In recent years the prevalence of obesity has significantly increased, pursued by multiplication of patients with type 2 diabetes, cardiological problems and premature death. Between the most dangerous forms of obesity belongs its monogenic type as it is a disease caused by single causal mutation with typical phenotype of severe obesity and hyperphagia. The aspiration of this thesis is to summarise the most important genes, mutation of which may cause monogenic type of obesity. The first chapters outline general genetic causes of obesity and importance of Leptin-melanocortin pathway in terms of its role in energy homeostasis. Subsequent sections identify genes involved in monogenic obesity, e.g. MC4R, LEP, LEPR, SIM1 and BDNF. Finally, the thesis summarizes possible new treatments, including new drug "Setmelanotide". Key words: Genetics, Obesity, Monogenic obesity, Leptin-Melanocortin pathway, MC4R, Setmelanotide
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