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Comparison of ITS nrDNA and alternative markers for fungal metabarcoding in environmental samples
Zelenka, Tomáš ; Kolařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Mašek, Tomáš (referee)
The study of fungal diversity may lead to many fundamental discoveries and conclusions. Molecular genetics, and particularly high throughput sequencing methods using short DNA fragments as barcodes, has recently experienced a boom. The most frequently used marker for fungal research is the partial region of nuclear ribosomal DNA called ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer). It occurs in the form of tandem repetitions of up to 200 copies. This fact greatly simplifies its amplification from the environment but also introduces some negatives. One of them can be an existence of intragenomic and intraspecific variability which confounds diversity estimates by exaggerating the real number of species. Using alternative low-copy markers can easily prevent these problems. In this study EF-1α and RPB2 protein- coding genes were compared with traditionally used ITS1 and ITS2 markers. An artificial mock community was created by blending genomic DNA of different fungal lineages. The community was sequenced for all markers and the data were processed according to guidelines commonly used in environmental studies. The results show that ITS2 is unequivocally a more suitable marker for environmental studies than other compared markers. The average coefficient of overestimation was deemed to be approximately two for ITS1, ITS2,...
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Physiology of ectomycorrhizal fungi - in vitro cultivation
Holková, Beata ; Kolařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Moravcová, Andrea (referee)
Ectomycorrhizal symbiosis (ectomycorrhiza) is a very important interaction, which affects plants and fungi in a variety of ecosystems. This interaction has been of interest to many mycologists and botanists for over a century. However, there is still a lot to be discovered. Ectomycorrhizal fungi are valuable inoculants, sources of biological pigments, antibiotics and even food. Better understanding of their nourishment and growth physiology, which is the main focus of my work, may increase the efficiency of in vitro cultivation and thus promote progress in fields beyond mycology.
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Diversity, ecology, and biotechnological potential of yeasts associated with bark beetles
Havlíček, Václav ; Kolařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Novotný, David (referee)
Bark beetles (Coleoptera; Scolytinae) attack woody plants, which is why they are considered pests from a human perspective. They owe their evolutionary success, among other factors, to numerous symbioses with microorganisms, with fungi playing a significant role. The mycobiome of bark beetles is dominated by yeasts, which, nevertheless, are widely overlooked. Intestinal yeasts not only from Ips typographus but also from other species of bark beetles have potential for future biotechnological applications. The aim of this study was to examine their diversity and physiological activities, which will help clarify their ecological role and biotechnological potential. Collections were conducted in the Czech Republic from larvae of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus and from various species of subcortical insects in Kenya. Yeasts were identified and taxonomically classified based on rDNA sequencing. A total of 133 yeast strains belonging to 37 species were identified, including 9 species that could not be identified and belong to previously undescribed species and in two cases also genera. A total of 133 yeast strains belonging to 37 species were identified, including 9 species that could not be identified and belong to previously undescribed species and in two cases also genera. The most frequently...
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Ambrosia galls - neglected model of fungus farming evolution
Zelinková, Barbora ; Kolařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Janšta, Petr (referee)
Ambrosia galls are a unique type of insect gall created by Cecidomyiidae gall midges. Their association with a fungal symbiont, which forms a layer of ambrosia mycelium inside the gall is unique and reminiscent of fungal farming in other insect groups. To date, not much research has been done on the individual components of ambrosia galls: the galling insect, the symbiotic fungus, and the host plant. This paper provides an insight into fungal farming insects, a description of the ambrosia gall midges and their fungal symbiont, an overview of the mechanisms of each component on gall initiation and the relationships between them, and finally, explores the possible influence of fungal secondary metabolites. The bachelor thesis puts into context long-known and newly acquired information on the mutual interactions and shows that the previously accepted functions are not precise and that each component of the ambrosia gall is partially involved in its formation. Key words: ambrosia gall midges, nutritive mycelium, fungus farming, host specialization, species diversity, phyto-mycophagy, trophic interactions, Cecidomyiidae, Botryosphaeria dothidea, secondary metabolites
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Molecular and Genomic Methods for Analyzing Hybridization in Aspergillus and other Fungi
Jirkovský, Pavel ; Sklenář, František (advisor) ; Kolařík, Miroslav (referee)
Interpecies hybridization is being studied since the first half of 20. century, when it was described based on phenotypical traits on plant model. Study of this process was historically centred around botanical studies, while its importance in mycology is just being uncovered in recent years. Introgression is a phenomenon that can occur when hybrid backcrosses with one of the parental species. Based on recent studies it is apparent that hybridization played its role in evolution of MAT locus genes of Neurospora, transfer of adaptive traits with Ophiostoma species (invasive pathogen of elm trees). Within Aspergillus family hybridization was described both on intraspecific and interspecific level. More detailed study of this process and improving of used methods could potentially help in clinical application by uncovering adaptive genes responsible for resistance towards antimycotics, higher virulence and other traits.
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Arthroderma in the fur of wild rodents
Moulíková, Štěpánka ; Kolařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Koukol, Ondřej (referee)
Arthroderma is the most diverse genus of dermatophytes, fungi causing skin infections. However, the genus is most frequently isolated from soil enriched by keratin sources. In my study, I isolated several strains of Arthroderma from the fur of wild rodents from the Czech Republic. Using polyphasic taxonomy, I characterised the 29 strains genetically (ITS rDNA, tubb and tef1α), morphologically, physiologically, and by mating experiments. In the second part of the study, we used data mining of ITS sequence data from GenBank and GlobalFungi Database to further investigate biogeography and ecology of Arthroderma species. In total, eight Arthroderma species were isolated, including four new species. The geographical distribution of the new species was not restricted to the Czech Republic nor rodents, other strains have been isolated from different animal species and soil from Europe, North America and Asia. Data obtained by data mining confirmed that the genus has diverse ecology - some lineages seem to be closely associated with animals (here described A. rodenticum), while others occur typically in soil. However, low numbers of sequence reads of Arthroderma in soil show that the species are not soil generalists but rather dependent on keratin source. This is the first study using data mining to assess...
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Comparative methods for studying adaptive traits of fungal symbionts
Veselská, Tereza ; Kolařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Voigt, Kerstin (referee) ; Dvořák, Miloň (referee)
The kingdom Fungi encompasses an estimated 2.2 to 6.2 million species that occupy diverse environments, including aquatic, extremely dry, and hot or frosty habitats all over the world. To cope with adverse environmental conditions, fungi have developed numerous adaptations and life strategies, including symbiosis with other organisms, ranging from close, reciprocally beneficial (mutualistic) associations to severe pathogenic infestations. These interactions have an enormous impact on ecosystem functioning, with implications for agriculture and human health. For this reason, understanding the mechanisms enabling the successful development of fungal interactions is necessary for their efficient management. Recent advances in different 'omics' approaches have enabled us to compare species responses to the environment in a more complex way than before and to gain deeper insights into the adaptive mechanisms underlying specific life strategies. My thesis is divided into four main sections. In the first section, I sum up findings about adaptations of fungal symbionts of plants and animals. Then, I introduce two fungal genera, Geosmithia and Pseudogymnoascus, to which I applied comparative methods for tracking adaptive traits. The ecological diversity of the genus Geosmithia allows to trace adaptive...
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Invasion of Phytophthora alni in Europe
Pecka, Štěpán ; Černý, Karel (advisor) ; Kolařík, Miroslav (referee)
Species complex Phytophthora alni s. l. (Peronosporomycetes: Stramenopila) is a group of invasive pathogens of alder trees. It spreads mainly via water and causes root and collar rot often resulting in the death of attacked trees. Especially in riparian stands it often causes significant losses of alder and therefore remarcable changes of ecosystems and watercourses. The species complex is very polymorphic and divided into three species - P. ×alni, P. uniformis and P. ×multiformis. The most widespread in Europe and in the Czech Republic is the P. ×alni species. The aim of this thesis is to summarize information about P. alni complex (and especially of the most important taxon P. ×alni), to describe history of its spread and development of its area in Europe, genetic variability and inner structure of its populations, ecology and pathways of spread and, based of the known results, decribe the current situation of the invasion. Key words: Phytophthora alni, Peronosporomycetes, Alnus, pathogen, hybridization, area, riparian stands
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Ecology of yeasts in forest soils
Mašínová, Tereza ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Marečková, Markéta (referee) ; Kolařík, Miroslav (referee)
Microbial communities inhabiting upper soil horizons represent an important component of forest ecosystems. However, despite the evidence that yeasts represent an integral part of topsoil fungal communities, their role in forest ecosystems received so far little attention. The aims of my PhD thesis were to describe yeast communities in soil and litter of a temperate forest using high- throughput sequencing of environmental DNA, identify dominant yeast species and to explore how the composition of yeast communities reflects the biotic and abiotic factors of the environment. I also aimed to isolate yeasts from forest topsoil, describe novel yeast taxa abundant according to the environmental DNA survey and screen representative isolates for the traits relevant to their involvement in organic matter transformation. I have demonstrated that in forest topsoil, yeasts represent a substantial proportion of fungal communities with higher relative abundance in soil than in litter. In litter, yeast communities differ significantly among beech, oak and spruce-dominated stands. Drivers of community assembly are probably more complex in soils and comprise the effects of soil chemistry and vegetation. Even though there are similarities in the response of the communities of yeasts and filamentous fungi to...
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Pyrosequencing analysis of fungal assemblages and the effect of ITS rDNA intragenomic variation on diversity estimates
Zelenka, Tomáš ; Kolařík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Větrovský, Tomáš (referee)
The ITS region of nuclear ribosomal DNA has recently become a frequently studied region for its use as a barcode marker. It is employed in environmental metagenomic analyses, the determination of fungi and in studies of fungal phylogenetics. In genomes, rDNA occurs in the form of large multicopy tandem arrays. Thus common Sanger sequencing leads to a consensus of many copies which in fact conceals most of the potential intragenomic variation. However 454 pyrosequencing reveals the sequence of single copies. Although it is believed that most of the variation among copies is reduced during a process called concerted evolution, some variation might still be conserved, including variation of non-functional pseudogenes. As a consequence, when using 454 pyrosequencing, we are not able to discriminate between this variation and real diversity. This could have a huge impact on the estimation of real diversity as well as on the correct assessment of pyrosequence studies. This thesis reviews current knowledge of intragenomic variation among fungi and summarizes some papers applying pyrosequencing in the research of fungal diversity. At the same time it indicates intragenomic variation as a potential cause of untrue diversity in diversity studies. Up until now there hasn't existed any experimental survey covering...
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