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The Interference Effect on Cognitive Processing in Bilinguals
Jonáš, Juraj ; Rodriguez Manchola, Mabel Virginia (advisor) ; Brandoburová, Petra (referee) ; Smolík, Filip (referee)
(English) Bilingualism is currently an issue of broad study within fields of psychology and cognitive neuroscience. It points not only to the cognitive or even health benefits of this phenomenon, but also to its risks. However, research is hampered by the immense variety of manifestations of bilingualism. Each bilingual has a unique linguistic history with each of their languages. Some phenomena, such as the age of acquisition of a second language, or the level of proficiency of a second language, are better explored. However, other factors, such as the similarity of the languages used by a bilingual has only recently begun to be studied. This thesis focuses on the influence of the similarity of the bilingual's language on their language processing. In the EEG experiment, the technique of evoked potentials has been used, specifically, the N200 (inhibitory) and N400 (semantic) waves have been monitored. These are probably the most frequently studied evoked potentials in bilingual subjects. Participants are divided into three groups according to the similarity of their languages: participants with similar languages (Slovak-Czech), bilingual with partially similar languages (Russian-Czech) and participants with different languages (German-Czech). A difference in the N200 effect was not observed...
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Nonword inflection and the role of its mental representation on language acquisition of preschool children
Walzová, Lucie ; Smolík, Filip (advisor) ; Jonáš, Juraj (referee)
Abstract This bachelor's thesis examines the nonwords inflection and the importance of their mental representation in preschool children's language acquisition. The theoretical part of the thesis presents the main findings of the studies of inflection and morphological production in language acquisition. It describes the main theoretical streams which are trying to describe the mechanism of word inflection in children, and then presents the main phenomena of children's morphological production based on the results of West Slavic language acquisition studies. The thesis also attempts to demonstrate the role of animacy in word inflection and the importance of nonwords as a tool for exploring the mechanisms behind morphological acquisition. The empirical part of this thesis investigates the role of animacy as a semantic cue in pseudowords inflection and the importance of the gender and pattern of the pseudoword in eliciting the accusative the given nominative form for preschool children. The results of the research suggest that animacy is not significant as a semantic marker for children's acquisition, but its implementation in the masculine gender of the Czech language that determines the affix in different cases is something that children follow in inflection. In feminins, on the other hand, the...
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The ecology of mental skills development in Canadian athletes: person-process-context-time
Štrajt, Martin ; Mudrák, Jiří (advisor) ; Jonáš, Juraj (referee)
This bachelor's thesis examines the development of mental skills in Canadian athletes. It does this by linking Urie Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Theory to the underlying themes of sport psychology. In the literature review section, chapters on motivation, specific mental strategies, talent perception, athlete development and education, and the Canadian context are developed in addition to the person-process-context-time model. The thesis offers various connections between the theories and emphasizes certain factors that most influence an athlete's personality and development. At the end of the theoretical section, an overview of several Canadian projects that influence the Canadian sport context is offered. The content of the practical section is qualitative research that examines the development of mental skills in Canadian university athletes. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and then evaluated through thematic analysis. The results of the research offer an overview of the themes related to motivation, the process of mental skills training and the associated role of sport psychology, followed by the characteristics and mind-set of the athletes, and finally the athlete's environment.
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Sense of Agency in the context of free will from the perspective of neuroscience
Kapounová, Ivana ; Nikolai, Tomáš (advisor) ; Jonáš, Juraj (referee)
The bachelor thesis is dedicated to the neuroscientific understanding of the sense of agency (SoA) as a key component of free will. The literature review section outlines the initial philosophical ideas and experiments that opened the debate on the topic of free will, followed by placing the concept of SoA within this context. In the following chapters, approaches to defining SoA, its individual aspects, and the consequences of different operationalizations for study results are presented. Basic approaches to measuring this construct are also described. The next chapter discusses models and theoretical frameworks explaining SoA in terms of the conditions and processes necessary for its formation. The final chapter of the theoretical section explains the likely abnormalities in SoA that occur in patients with schizophrenia. The knowledge gained from the literature review section will be accompanied by a research project proposal. This aims to compare the sense of agency between an group of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and a control group of healthy individuals. The benefit of such research can be the supplementation and comprehensive summary of current knowledge about the theory of free will and its neuroanatomical foundations, as well as a starting point for further research in this...
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Healing Trauma: A Neuroscientific Perspective
Lebedová, Anna ; Záplatová, Klára (advisor) ; Jonáš, Juraj (referee)
Trauma has been an important topic of psychology from the very beginning. However, the view of it has been changing since then, in recent decades, among other things, due to the findings of modern neurosciences, which can look at trauma at the level of neurobiological changes. Over time, methods of healing trauma have also been refined and their effect has been the subject of research. This thesis is based on the existing knowledge of the impact of trauma on humans at both psychological and physiological level and the possibilities of psychotherapeutic work as its treatment. The theoretical section provides an overview of key definitions and distinguishes the concepts of C-PTSD, DTD and attachment trauma. It discusses the effects of early trauma on the development of brain structures and systems and touches on the neurobiology of attachment. In the last chapter, it offers a brief comparison of treatment methods with an emphasis on trauma-focused psychotherapeutic approaches, particularly the PBSP system. The empirical section presents a research design, built on the referred theoretical findings, in order to examine changes in activation of brain regions in persons with attachment trauma in response to a stimulus associated with the traumatic event, before and after receiving a PBSP intervention....
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Types of bilingualism in relation to the manifestations of personality traits
Chalupníková, Tereza ; Jonáš, Juraj (advisor) ; Tomášková, Hana (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with bilingualism and its relation to personality expressions. In the literature review section divided into seven chapters, bilingualism is first described and defined. The next part of the thesis focuses on the description of different types of bilingualism, especially on divisions based on according to the age of the second language was acquired. The following chapters describe the different specificities of bilinguals. The last two chapters then focus on the links between bilingualism, personality and biculturalism, summarizing selected research on these relationships. The final part of the thesis contains a proposal for a research project that aims to compare Czech-Russian bilinguals in their personality expressions with respect to the language used. In particular, it involves comparing a group of early and late bilinguals with each other to find out whether they differ in their personality expressions within the two languages.
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Emotional and Cognitive Determinants of Decision Making
Jonáš, Juraj ; Uhlář, Pavel (advisor) ; Stehlík, Luděk (referee)
This work summs the development of the research of influence of cognitive and emotional determinants on decision making since its beginning in 1940s, when it was studied in the framework of the theory of games, through the theory of heuristics of Tversky and Kahneman, cognitive biases theory, to the Naturalistic Decision Making movement and the somatic marker hypothesis. These most significant movements are, for the purposes of this work, divided into "normative" and "postnormative". This compilational work is supplemented with a proposal of a qualitative research of intuition of psychological therapists, which is, to date, explored only in a small extent.
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