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Frequency of shell anomalies in Ordovician gastropods from Šárka Formation, Prague Basin
Šoobová, Adéla ; Frýda, Jiří (advisor) ; Mergl, Michal (referee)
The master thesis focuses on the frequency of anomalous structures on Ordovician gastropod shells coming from the Šárka Formation (Prague Basin) and deposited in the collections of the National Museum. The thesis summarized basic knowledge about teratological damage in different groups of gastropods, location and shape of damage and their possible causes. On the basis of extensive data collection on the occurrence of anomalous structures on gastropod shells (more than 4000 gastropod shells were analysed), differences in the frequency of teratological damage between different gastropod species (genera), their ontogenetic stages and different shell morphologies are quantitatively tested. Analyzes were performed by Fisher's exact test using the Holm-Bonferroni correction. The results of the thesis revealed an extremely low frequency of teratological damage in the Mid-Ordovician gastropods, a statistically significant difference in the frequency of damage between different gastropod species (genera), as well as between different shell morphologies and their ontogenetic stages. New results also confirm the increasing frequency of predation marks on gastropod shells during the Phanerozoic. Key words: gastropods, molluscs, shell, anomaly, damage, predation, frequency, Šárka Formation, Prague Basin
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Ohrožení ekonomických zájmů EU v Jižní a Střední Americe.
Frýda, Jiří ; Opatrný, Josef (advisor) ; Kovář, Martin (referee) ; Barteček, Ivo (referee)
The dissertation analyses the threats to economic interests of EU in Latin America - mostly focused on MERCOSUR's countries. Both regions share history, cultural and social bonds which were interrupted by the Cold War. During this period was Latin America a natural zone of interest of the United States (similarity with East Europe and USS R). The fundamental event is the end of bipolarity. The dissertation is mostly focused on one decade between 2003-2013. The three main chapters define the concept of economic security, the relationship between the EU-Latin America on the background of the historical insight and third main chapter analyses China's engagement in Latin America. In the post-Cold War period came a significant paradigmatic shift in the perception of economic security/vulnerability. Considering the asymmetry of relations between the two regions, we analyze a historical background, including the so-called "shared values" that partially (but not entirely) can be challenged. Relations between the two regions are viewed as highly pragmatic with a strong emphasis on trade ties. China as a new element in the region, where traditionally has competed the United States and Europe, is the core topic of the main third chapter. Latin America isn't perceived as a single region, but it is consider in...
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Tests of selected methods leading to precise stratigraphy of the Králův Dvůr Formation
Bartošová, Jarmila ; Kraft, Petr (advisor) ; Frýda, Jiří (referee)
A model study about the precise stratigraphy of the Kralodvorian Formation was made on the drill core from Ořech near Prague. The exposure at Levín was used as a reference section. Both sections were sedimentologicaly studied and described in detail. The study of thin sections was a supplemented for exact description of the rocks and lithotypes. Chemostratigraphic methods (?13C and TOC) and method of the rock magnetic susceptibility were used for detailed stratigraphic analyse. All the mentioned methods of both sections. Samples for the measurements of the magnetic susceptibility were taken by 0.5 m of thickness. The measurement of ?13C and TOC was taken from the non-wheathered 80 m of the drill core Ořech and from the upper 20 m Králův Dvůr Formation at Levín profile by 2 m. The available data show that Ořech represents low and middle part of the Kralodvorian strata and that all studied thickness (80 m) belongs to only positive excursion of ?13C. This excursion is interpreted to be the upper Katian. It gives an evidence that sedimentation of the Kralův Dvůr Formation was very fast. Identification and interpretation of this excursion makes possible the accurate interregional corelation of the strata. A precise regional stratigraphic subdivision is based on inhomogenities caused by different materials or...
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Palaeoecology, sedimetology and biostratigraphy of the Chýnice limestone at Čeřinka near Bubovice
Ferrová, Lenka ; Frýda, Jiří (advisor) ; Budil, Petr (referee)
The diploma thesis presented deals with paleoecological, biostratigraphical and sedimentological research in the most important locality of the Chýnice Limestone - Čeřinka near Bubovice village. The research was carried out during the years 2006-2010. Multidisciplinary approach has been applied during the fieldwork as well as in the subsequent laboratory research. Such an approach brought a lot of valuable knowledge. The contact between the Zlíchov and Chýnice Limestone has been described and characterized for the first time within this thesis in this locality using sedimentological, biostratigrafphical and geochemical data. Among others, microfacies analysis has been carried out and the sedimentary succession the of Chýnice Limestone has been described and sedimentary environment has been interpreted. During my research I was able to gather the largest collection of fossils with the exact stratigraphic position, which was ever collected within the Chýnice Limestone (2500 pcs). Fifty new taxa in total have been recorded from the Čeřinka locality during my research, representing almost 80% increase of taxa known from this classic locality. Numerical analysis of the fauna diversity development of the Chýnice Limestone revealed an increase of the total diversity in time and in the same time decrease of...
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Political and economical context of piracy in the American shores
Frýda, Jiří ; Opatrný, Josef (advisor) ; Baďura, Bohumil (referee)
The story of piracy in Spanish America begins with Treaty of Tordesillas. But its origins laid in the comercial and political rivalry between Spain and European states. However first challengers of Spain's monopoly weren't pirates but more interlopers. Spanish's bullion from Peru and other products from West Indies was according to law exchangeable only for Spanish merchandise and only by Spanish subjects. This state was in the second half of the sixteenth century attacked by attempts of England - one of the rising modern national states. From this point of view the Pirate zone in New world was a important stage of international warfare among European realms-states. Apart off this international turmoil stood, but not too far, rejection of Catholicism by Henry VIII. and later again by Elizabeth I. This issue was in the air for more than fifty years. Not even assaults of Spanish Armada could shut down voices of protestants in England in such twilight. The religious struggle should be considered like one of many episodes which defined the emerging nation states. Centuries of legendizing created myths about Francis Drake and John Hawkins. But for the first time in the Carribean they were more icons of the early modern spirit of enterprise than pirates. Hawkin's trade passion for 'negros' ironically stands in...
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Late Silurian and Early Devonian Environmental and Biotic Changes
Manda, Štěpán ; Frýda, Jiří (advisor) ; Vašíček, Zdeněk (referee) ; Štorch, Petr (referee)
The mid-Ludfordian crisis (Kozlowskiii/Lau Event) was studied in detail. The extinction coincided with short-term shallowing, which reflected short glacial periode, as well as with incipient increase of organic carbon δ13 C in sediments. As suggested by many authors, this crisis affected especially graptolites and conodonts, but new data illustrate that all benthic groups were affected by the extinction. In addition, the structure of communities distinctly changed during the event. Recovery of ecosystems was accompanied by large-scale immigration of new fauna, contemporaneously with shallowing. The post-extinction interval took place during high stand and anoxic period. Extinction intervals coincide with sequence boundaries associated with gaps in sedimentation. So far poorly studied cephalopods were chosen as a model group for examination of trends in macroevolution and global change of ecosystems during the Silurian and Devonian. New established cephalopod groups that differ in embryonic strategy and mode of life of early hatched specimens and adults were used in study of biodiversity and selectivity of extinctions. The early ontogenetic strategies and size of eggs (incubation time) of the cephalopods significantly influenced survival and diversity during extinction intervals. It was documented...
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Silurian and Devonian volcanism of the Prague Basin
Tasáryová, Zuzana ; Frýda, Jiří (advisor) ; Renno, Axel D. (referee) ; Awdankiewicz, Marek (referee)
The principal goal of the thesis is to constrain nature of magmatic and alteration processes, character of mantle source(s), geotectonic setting and palaeogeographic implications of the Silurian and Devonian volcanism in Prague Basin (Teplá-Barrandian Unit, Bohemian Massif). The thesis is based on extensive geochemical study covering major- and trace-element geochemistry, neodymium isotope geochemistry and mineral chemistry supported by petrographic and field observations. The most important conclusions of the thesis are as follows: 1. The Silurian volcanic rocks of the Prague Basin represent within-plate, transitional alkali to tholeiitic basalts, which erupted in continental rift setting through thick Cadomian crust. The basalts originated by low degrees of partial melting of garnet peridotite mantle source. Older Wenlock basalts are similar to alkaline ocean island basalts (OIB) derived from subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), enriched most probably by frozen pods of Ordovician magmas. Younger Ludlow basalts resemble tholeiitic enriched mid-oceanic ridge basalts (EMORB) derived from subduction-modified SCLM depleted by Late Cambrian melting. The Wenlock-Ludlow melting is characterized by contemporaneous mixing of melts derived from both enriched and depleted SCLM mantle domains. 2....
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Anomalous development of shells in the Paleozoic gastropods from the Prague Basin
Šoobová, Adéla ; Frýda, Jiří (advisor) ; Mergl, Michal (referee)
The thesis focused anomalous development of gastropod shells from the Prague Basin. Geology of the Prague Basin is briefly discissed in the first part of the thesis. and morpholigic structure of shell. Discussion of shell morphology in gastropods and different types of shell anomalies forms a main part of the thesis. Morphology of the gastropod shell seem to be very useful paleoecologycal indicator because the shells srecord their lives during whole ontogeny. Result of the thesis is a complete list of gastropod species in which the anomalous development of shells was found.
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Structural and Chemical Aspects of Calcium Phosphate Formation in Tooth Enamel
Kallistová, Anna ; Skála, Roman (advisor) ; Frýda, Jiří (referee) ; Oldak, Janet (referee)
Tooth enamel is the hardest and most resistant highly mineralized inorganic component in mammalian bodies that significantly affects both the life quality and expectancy of an indi- vidual. Its specific qualitative properties are given by the biomineralization process responsible for its formation. In this process the mineralization of hydroxyapatite (HAp), the only inor- ganic phase composing the mammalian hard tissues, is controlled by activity of enamel-forming cells ameloblasts and their products. Over the past years, the studies of enamel matrix pro- teins, their structure, composition and function has become the prevalent field of experimental investigation. However, unique enamel qualities, which enable the teeth to withstand high pressure and stress demands, cannot be accurately assessed without the thorough systematical study of its mineral compound. In this thesis, I focus on the crystallographic and compositional characteristics of enamel hydroxyapatite and their influence on the mechanical properties of teeth. Obtained results are discussed in context of developmental and adaptation dynamics of mammalian species. The main aspect of the work is to extend our knowledge about the protein-mediated mineraliza- tion process from the perspective of inorganic compound and its contribution to the...
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