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Pupillometry as a measure of cognitive effort
Šútorová, Katarína ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Novák, Ondřej (referee)
With the growing popularity of the study of eye movements, the availability of data regarding pupil size has also increased. The size of the pupil is influenced by several factors such as lighting conditions, the distance of the observed object, or psychosensory load. This work is focused on changes in pupil size in response to cognitive load. It is a literature review systemizing research on pupillary reactions. The first part of the thesis describes the neural pathways of pupillary reactions. The second part of the thesis presents particular factors causing changes in pupil size and their function. The third part focuses on different approaches in the methodology of cognitive-pupillometry experiments, which are currently not unified. In the empirical section, the use of pupillometry is demonstrated by performing a short experiment monitoring pupil dilation under different cognitive loads, specifically when calculating arithmetic problems. Key words pupil, pupillary reaction, cognitive load, pupillometry
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A Systematic Review: Financial Reward and Behaviour of Participants in Experiments on Confirmation Bias
Kunc, Benjamín ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Vranka, Marek (referee)
This thesis studies the impact of financial rewards on the behavior of participants in behavioral experiments studying confirmation bias. Firstly, it describes theories on cognitive biases with emphasis on the confirmation bias and introduces theoretical approaches towards this bias and also the results of existing empirical studies. Furthermore, the thesis shows pitfalls of potential metaanalysis studying the impact of financial rewards on confirmation bias via a systematic review of experimental studies. Then, the thesis introduces a proposal of such metaanalysis with the intention to draft potential solutions for the issues of the experimental studies, which were described in the review. Within the proposal, a calculation of power-analysis is made and it shows the impact of a high heterogeneity of the experiments studying confirmation bias. Keywords Literature review; Confirmation bias; Incentives; Experiment; Methodology; Metaanalysi
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Deception techniques in data visualization
Augulis, David ; Děchtěrenko, Filip (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
Klíčová slova (anglicky): Data visualization, deception, deceptive techniques, graphs, interventions, visual literacy Abstract (in English): Deceptive data visualization techniques are an increasingly emerging phenomenon. Previously, even simple visualizations were so costly and labor-intensive to create that one could rely on the authority of their creators. However, this is no longer true and anyone with access to a computer and the Internet is able to create an unprecedented number of visualizations, some of them deceptive, intentionally or not. Visual literacy is not part of basic education, and so most people have no way to defend themselves against them. In this bachelor thesis, we summarize existing knowledge regarding deceptive techniques and research areas that clarify how visualizations can be deceptive. In the practical part, we measured the effect size of 9 deceptive techniques, 5 of which have not yet been tested on a sample of university students (N=724). We also investigated how this deceptiveness is modified by the presence of a one-time textual intervention, for which we created several levels, increasing in their detail. At the same time, we also measured the visual literacy of all participants and observed whether the level of this ability affected the effect of deceptive techniques. A...
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Effect of Screen Size on Boundary Extension
Šimčík, Natálie ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Děchtěrenko, Filip (referee)
When observing and remembering a scene, memory errors can occur, one of them being the boundary extension. This cognitive phenomenon causes people to remember parts of the scenes that might be present just beyond the boundaries of a presented scene but were not actually seen by the observer. Thesis focuses on the aspect possibly affecting the boundary extension, precisely the screen size, which was linked to cognitive phenomena such as memory or attention in previous studies. First part of the thesis consists of a theoretical overview introducing the scene perception topic and mapping the boundary extension findings. Second part of the thesis describes the experiment results to investigate whether screen size affects the boundary extension. No significant effect on measured boundary extension was found in two selected screen sizes, mobile and desktop. Keywords boundary extension, screen size, cognitive psychology, scene perception
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Memory Functions in Children with Intellectual Disability
Hanzlíčková, Lucie ; Maulisová, Alice (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
The diploma thesis called Memory functions in children with intellectual dissability is devoted to mapping cognitive functions, specifically with a focus on memory functions in children with diagnostically confirmed the mild mental retardation. The origin of the thesis is associated and based on the standardization of incipient Neuropsychological Battery for Children (NB-C) and with the necessity to validate the method in different clinical groups. The aim was to assess how children with cognitive deficits, especially with the mild mental retardation, react and score in the memory's subtests. The main goal of this thesis is to assess the level of memory functions of these children. Furthermore, attention is focused on the comparison of key memory's domains based on the administration of the Neuropsychological Battery for Children and the inteligence test WISC- III in comparison with a comparative group of children without cognitive deficits. The theoretical and literary review section is focused on three key areas. The first of them presents the topic of memory, its distribution within the framework of the processes and systems, currently diagnostic methods, and also the development of memory functions. The following chapter focuses on disorders of the intellect, the terminological background of...
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Emotion Recognition based on Visual and Auditory Cues
Hrdličková, Kristýna ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Pešout, Ondřej (referee)
In its theoretical part, this paper examines the ability to recognize emotions and its ontogenetic development across modalities, including the influences affecting this ability. Attention is paid to the most used research designs and stimulus selection. It also presents findings on possible sensory dominance in children. The method and results of the quantitative research conducted are also described. Children aged 4-7 years (N = 18), 8-11 years (N = 18) and adults (N = 24) participated in the experiment. They were sequentially presented with four blocks of emotional stimuli depicting the emotions of joy and fear: separate video recordings of facial expressions; separate audio recordings of sentences in English; simultaneously video and audio recordings with instructions to ignore the video; and simultaneously video and audio recordings with instructions to ignore the audio. The groups did not differ in their ability to recognize emotions from facial expressions (in both the unimodal and multimodal conditions) and emotions from voice in the congruent multimodal condition. Younger children were less successful than older children and adults in recognizing emotions from voice in the unimodal condition, and younger children and older children were less successful than adults in recognizing emotions...
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Space maps for human-like agents
Kotrla, Jakub ; Brom, Cyril (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
The goal of this thesis is to create model of spatial map for human-like agent living in virtual world. The model will increase agent's ability to mimic some aspects of human behaviour. These includes inaccuracy of spatial memories, gradual learning and forgetting. In thesis we introduce model based on results of research of places cells. Spatial map consists of nodes that are at rst distributed uniformly in the world. Virtual agent wanders through world and perceive surrounding objects. Spatial map gradually changes distribution of nodes in world according to agent's perceptions. Model is able to recognize areas with higher count of objects and create concepts of places. Algorithms of model are described including their time complexity. Model was implemented in Python and tested. At the end of thesis we present several possible extensions and future work.
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Modelling eye movements during Multiple Object Tracking
Děchtěrenko, Filip ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Toth, Peter Gabriel (referee)
In everyday situations people have to track several objects at once (e.g. driving or collective sports). Multiple object tracking paradigm (MOT) plausibly simulate tracking several targets in laboratory conditions. When we track targets in tasks with many other objects in scene, it becomes difficult to discriminate objects in periphery (crowding). Although tracking could be done only using attention, it is interesting question how humans plan their eye movements during tracking. In our study, we conducted a MOT experiment in which we presented participants repeatedly several trials with varied number of distractors, we recorded eye movements and we measured consistency of eye movements using Normalized scanpath saliency (NSS) metric. We created several analytical strategies employing crowding avoidance and compared them with eye data. Beside analytical models, we trained neural networks to predict eye movements in MOT trial. The performance of the proposed models and neuron networks was evaluated in a new MOT experiment. The analytical models explained variability of eye movements well (results comparable to intraindividual noise in the data); predictions based on neural networks were less successful.
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