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Czech-Italian animal phraseology
Baldessari, Adriano ; Čermák, František (advisor) ; Špaček, Jiří (referee)
V této diplomové práci jsem se pokusilo zmapování oblasti animální frazeologie v češtině a v italštině. Analyzoval jsem 895 českých hesel ze SČFI 2, ze kterých jsem našel v SYN 2000 533 frazémů. V italských slovnících jsem našel 395 hesel, ze kterých bylo nalezeno v CORIS 328 frazémů; přidal jsem ještě 22 náhodně mnou nalezených frazémů. Povedlo se mi nalézt italský ekvivalent pro 109 českých idiomů. Tento rozbor poukázal na tyto skutečnosti: 1. Animální frazeologie je velmi rozmanitá, má velký počet sémantických okruhů, který já jsem však redukoval a došel k závěru, že převážně se vztahují k člověku. 2. Česká frazeologie má bohatší materiál, ale nemyslím si, že italština je chudší jazyk. Nižší počet frazémů je dán tím, že se italština bohužel netěší takovému kompletnímu materiálu jako čeština. Proto jsem přesvědčen, že by se měla italská frazeologie či idiomatika více prohloubit jako samostatná nauka. 3. Práce s korpusy pomohla zjistit frekvenci frazémů a jejich možnosti realizace v textu; velkou výhodou jazykových korpusu je tO,že představují aktuální zdroje. Vzhledem k tomu, že se týkají především spisovného jazyka, nemůžou bohužel vždy ilustrovat jevy, které se vyskytují v mluveném jazyku. 4. Práce poukazuje na existenci variant a transformaci frazémů. 5. Práce poukazuje, že i dva odlišné jazyky, jako...
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Verbal phrasems with the verb "to be"
Čadková, Agata ; Čermák, František (advisor) ; Holub, Jan (referee)
Cílem této práce je zjištění textových funkcí verbálních frazémů se slovesem pohybu jít a chodit. Vybrané frazémy pochází ze Slovníku české frazeologie a idiomatiky (SČFI) a jejich užití je sledováno v korpusu českém (SYN2000). Výsledky jsou porovnané s informacemi ve slovníku. Součástí práce je přesnější vymezení sloves pohybu. Práce je rozdělená do šesti kapitol. Na začátku jsou vysvětlené základní pojmy frazeologie s upřesněním místa verbálních frazémů v rámci této disciplíny. V kapitole III následuje strukturní klasifikace nalezených frazémů. IV kapitola upřesňuje užití frazémů v textu a ukazuje shody a rozdíly v gramatické informaci mezi slovníkem a korpusem. Kapitola V se zabývá sémantikou a funkcí sledovaných idiomů. Příloha obsahuje abecední a frekvenční seznam frazémů a tabulku zahrnující souhrnné informace o sledovaných frazémech.
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Idioms with Animal Components in Czech and Chinese
Qi, Lijuan ; Čermák, František (advisor) ; Hasil, Jiří (referee)
This graduation thesis is dedicated to the animal phraseology in Czech and Chinese languages.The author focused on the analysis of animal idioms on the basis of the syntactical, formal and semantic aspects. She created an index of animal idioms in both languages on the basis of the relevant dictionaries - Slovník české frazeologie a idiomatiky 1. - 4. and Hanyu Chengyu Jinghua Cidian. Furthermore she made a mutual comparison of these idioms from both languages. The Czech National Corpus and Chinese Corpus were used as the main sources for the analysis.
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Diachronic comparison of synchronic corpora
Křen, Michal ; Čermák, František (advisor) ; Kučera, Karel (referee) ; Králík, Jan (referee)
The thesis presents a method for diachronic comparison of synchronic corpora that reflect language of very close time periods. Its primary aim is the assessment of possi- bilities and limitations of language change detection based on the synchronic written SYN-series corpora. The approach is corpus-driven, based on a statistical evaluation of differences among normalized average reduced frequencies of lemmata and lexical combinations. There are several variants of the method applied on various subcorpora of corpus SYN and their results examined in detail. Difficulty of the comparison lies in the influence of corpus composition and the interconnection of changes in language with changes in society. As it is not easy to distinguish the signs of diachronic shift from naturally existing synchronic variability, the statistically discovered significance of frequency differences is additionally verified by querying the base corpora. The interpretation of the results is also adjusted by the knowledge of their exact composition. The conclusions are based mainly on the newspapers as a written text type that is most receptive to the changes. The changes can be characterized as a thematic diversion from the original political and economical orientation of the newspapers towards real- life and free-time topics...
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The ongoing changes in the category of identification in contemporary standard and non-standard Czech
Dobiáš, Daniel ; Čermák, František (advisor) ; Zikánová, Šárka (referee)
While the category of in/definiteness in Czech and other Slavonic languages (except Bulgarian and Macedonian, cf. Corbett - Comrie, 2002) is not expressed by articles, the present paper is concerned with the observation that in contemporary spoken nonstandard Czech a) the demonstrative pronoun ten is developing functions of a definite article, and b) the indefinite pronoun nějaký is developing functions of an indefinite article (alongside with the numeral jeden). On the basis of quantitative analysis, I will demonstrate that this development is ongoing predominantly in spoken non-standard Czech, in which speakers mark identification even if it is obvious from other means (e.g. functional sentence perspective), whereas in standard Czech this tendency is still avoided. Methodologically this paper starts from grammaticalisation theory, according to which frequently used expressions are in certain contexts syntactically and morphological1y reanalyzed, and after having grammaticalised, they continue to develop new grammatical functions (cf. Traugott 1995). The general trend in the field of grammaticalisation is that new means are first very productive in spoken language and pervade standard language only after that. As will be shown later, the development of ten / nějaký in Czech is at a stage in which these...
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Generalization and specification of lexical meaning in contemporary translation of fiction
Kubáčková, Jana ; Jettmarová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Čermák, František (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to discuss the notions of generalization and specification as universal trends in translation and potential candidates for the status of universals of translation. Methods used in empirical research are also discussed in some detail. Chapters 1 and 2 focus on generalization and specification in the context of Descriptive Translation Studies, Corpus-Based Translation Studies and the work of the translation scholar Jiří Levý. Chapter 2 further attempts to present a comprehensive picture of both potential universals by examining the notion of lexical meaning and the issue of synonymy in the context of lexicology and stylistics. Finally, it draws attention to typological (systemic) differences between Czech and English and the impact these differences have on shifts of lexical meaning in terms of generalization/specification and on the use of electronic corpora. Chapter 3 outlines the three following stages of empirical research in terms of materials and methods. It presents a description of the three sets of corpora (a large monolingual comparable corpus, a parallel unidirectional English-Czech corpus, and a parallel corpus of one original and two translations), the choice of texts, reference corpora and corpus-processing software tools. Texts analysed in the three types of corpora...
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Aspects of the Slavic verb "to have" - in grammar. Its auxiliation and the grammaticalization of the European analytic perfect type structures "have" + ppp - Bulgarian, Macedonian, and a corpus based study of Czech
Marvanová, Mira ; Čermák, František (advisor) ; Damborský, Jiří (referee) ; Petkevič, Vladimír (referee)
The verb "to have" is one of significant elements of the ELA (European Linguistic Area). It belongs to the first stage of europeisms, yet it is not part of the IE heritage and its origin is different in the majority of European languages. Another phenomenon of later date which can be considered a europeism of structural type is the emergence and the development of the analytical perfect habere-tenses or constructions of this type in most of the European so-called haberelanguages, including Slavie. We obviously deal here with an expanding process, the original epicenter of which was Vulgar Latin - with some participation of Greek - in the conditions of centuries-long mutual bilingualism. The subsequent process of diffusion and induction developed several euro-zones out which Slavic represents the two last ones. The process of the europeanization, i.e. its spread ("euro-diffusion") from this epicenter to the European Linguistic Area (ELA), took place firstly in Romance, later in Germanic reaching eventually Slavie through two channels at the threshold of the 20th century. ln the South, this process became one ofthe components ofthe Balkan linguistic integration. It proved to be the most intense in Macedonian as well as in some South Bulgarian dialects which were in direct contact with non-Slavic languages of...
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Simulační systémy pro testování elektronických řídicích jednotek vozidel
Čermák, František
The thesis deals with the problematics of the functions of the electronics control units and their testing in the vehicle development phase. The introduction of the thesis introduces the reader with the function of electronic control unit and especially with their main components, i.e. input/output circuits or processor unit. Further the thesis describes the basic principles of the control unit testing before deploying on the prototype vehicle and gives the overview of selected, commercially available tools for their testing by HiL method. The practical part of the thesis describes the design of a functional test of the electronic control unit by using available equipment. The purpose of the test is validation of data communication and individual functions before the implementation into the prototype vehicle. At the end of thesis the elementary functional test of newly integrated unit for controlling of the tractor gear is performed.
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Lexical idioms in English
Vašků, Kateřina ; Klégr, Aleš (advisor) ; Čermák, František (referee) ; Bozděchová, Ivana (referee)
According to the standard definition phraseology deals with multi-word lexical units, i.e. word combinations. Voices claiming that even complex words composed of two or more meaningful units may qualify for the status of (lexical) phrasemes/idioms, especially when their meaning is non- compositional, are still very isolated, in spite of the fact that linguistic literature is teeming with references to idiomatic compounds and derivatives (Chap. 3). In fact, the only systematic treatment of lexical idioms seems to be that offered by Čermák (2007), who focuses primarily on lexical idioms in Czech. The aim of the thesis is therefore to explore the situation in English and attempt to develop a useful definition of, and especially criteria for, distinguishing lexical idioms from other complex lexemes and provide an outline of the main types of lexical idioms obtaining in English. After an introduction (Chap. 1) and the presentation of state-of-the-art approaches to phraseology and the relevant information about phraseological units and their features (Chap. 2), the thesis reviews Čermák's theory of lexical idioms which inspired their quantitative study in Czech (Chap. 4). The core part is the analysis of two samples. The first one, gathered from the BNC, includes a random selection of 1000 single-word...
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