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Territorial differentiation of mortality in the Czech Republic
Šišková, Lucie ; Langhamrová, Jitka (advisor) ; Šimpach, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of this elaboration was to identify the character of the individual regions of the Czech Republic from the point of view of mortality. At the beginning of the elaboration the basic indicators of mortality, direct and indirect method of standardization were described in detail and then life tables were mentioned. Through the basic indicators of mortality was evaluated long-term situation in the regions. It was found out that mortality rate expressed relatively, neonatal and infant mortality rates are declining in the long-term nature, but in the past few years their values were fluctuating more. The common feature of both the Czech Republic and each region is increasing life expectancy. Life expectancy is often discussed indicator as it is closely related to the aging process. The elaboration also includes comparison of values of life expectancy in the Czech Republic with the values of selected European countries and expected trend of life expectancy in the future. Moreover, the attention is also paid to mortality in the Czech Republic in the last 20 years, focusing on the 90 years of the 20th century when there was a significant improvement in mortality rates. Conclusion of the elaboration deals with mortality by cause of death. In this part cause of death is precisely defined, the classification of cause of death is given and also the basic principles of classification are described. The analysis of mortality by cause of death in the Czech Republic and regions follows. The annex describes the procedure to calculate the complete life tables, zoning classification and the classification of cause of death are given and there are also tables with data about mortality in the years 2000-2010 for the Czech Republic and its regions.
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International Comparision of Fertility
Štětinová, Markéta ; Langhamrová, Jitka (advisor) ; Šimková, Martina (referee)
The goal of this elaboration is to analyze of fertility of Word population, mainly in countries of European Union. For the best results is Europe dived into four parts by publication Population World data sheet 2010. Analyze of fertility ratio and It's characteristics is based on the web pages of Eurostat. The elaboration compares historical process in parts of the Europe to this time. Decreasing of total fertility ratio under the simply reproduction is linked with population ageing and it is also discussed with the political situation in the country. The elaboration also analyzes political situation in historical events and the present time. Lot of women could go through interrupt their gravidity. Because of it, there is analyzed total and specified rate of pregnancy and it's impact on fertility rates. For the best vision of future process is used prediction based on the database of Eurostat.
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Demographic analysis of the European Union
Valeš, Jan ; Langhamrová, Jitka (advisor) ; Arltová, Markéta (referee)
The diploma thesis deals with the demographic analysis of the European Union member countries. In the first part, various demographic measures regarding natural and mechanical changes of population are described. Moreover, each indicator is illustrated with practical calculations and graphical display of the development between years 1960 and 2007. Second part focuses on the construction of demographic projections of the European Union until the year 2060, including theoretical background. In the last part, the impact of demographic trends on the economy is considered.
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Non-contributory periods in the Czech pension system - a neglected element in the pension reform
Holub, Martin ; Krebs, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Langhamrová, Jitka (referee) ; Kahoun, Vilém (referee) ; Biskup, Jiří (referee)
Non contributory periods is one of the key issues in the public discussion on the planned reform of the pension system in the Czech Republic and is being widely discussed by economists, social scientists and political representatives. The PhD thesis focuses on a detailed analysis of non-contributory periods in the Czech pension system and their impact on pension system balance and micro and macro economic connections. It includes an international comparison of non contributory periods and a minute description of one selected non contributory period -- child care in selected European countries. The extent of non contributory periods considered in the pension system represents one of the theoretical possibilities of parametric changes to the pension insurance system. Non contributory periods are taken into account in pension schemes either because the individual is carrying out a non-wage-earning activity beneficial to society or because the individual through no fault of their own finds themselves in an (adverse) social situation which from a humanitarian perspective justifies their participation in pension insurance without making insurance payments. The institution of non contributory periods helps to secure the universality of the pension system, which enables the participation of economically inactive persons in the pension insurance system. The amount of non contributory periods or the proportion between non contributory periods and years worked, or the proportion between paid insurance and non contributory periods (potential loss of insurance contributions) has, to date, merely been estimated in the Czech Republic. This PhD thesis presents the first accurate figures, based on unique individual data on insured persons; methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, simulations were used and statistical methods were applied. The analysis reveals that non contributory periods are a significant element of the Czech pension system amounting to 22.4% of the total insurance period which is unacceptable especially as regards the principle of equivalence. The average duration of non-contributory periods for current pensioners is 8.7 years. The proportion of hypothetical insurance calculated from the average wage at potential total income from insurance was in the observed year 30% or 13% (calculation based on the minimum wage). Non contributory periods in the Czech pension system have a significant impact on its balance. Paying premiums for non contributory periods (included in pension law) would cause a decrease in the contribution rate to 18% (calculation based on the average wage). If non contributory periods were not considered, the potential savings on pensions paid out would be almost CZK 35 billion in the observed year. That represents 16.5% of expenditure on pension payments and more than twice the deficit of the pension insurance account for the observed year. Therefore the author recommends in the thesis the restriction of non contributory periods and the introduction of payments for such non-contributory periods from those people who will be entitled to a pension from such non contributory periods in the future.
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Evolution and mutual relations between demographic indicators
Černý, Andrej ; Löster, Tomáš (advisor) ; Langhamrová, Jitka (referee)
This Bachelor's thesis focuses on the analysis and evolution of demographic indicators through world's regions and states. It searches for a relation between demographic indicators and finds connections between economical, political and demographics evolution. The first part of the thesis defines the demographic indicators and shows the evolution from the period 1960-2008. Especially the evolution of the Czech Republic and those states where changes were the greatest in the mentioned period is shown there. The second part of the thesis focuses on the analysis of the economical and medical factors that influence demographic indicators. The purpose is to quantify this influence and measure its intensity. For this purpose regression analysis and analysis of variance is used. The biggest reduction in mortality rate was in Yemen in the mentioned period, on the other hand the biggest increase was noted in Ukraine. The smallest values of the infant mortality rate are detected in Scandinavia which positively influences the life expectancy at birth in these states. Infant mortality rate dropped most in the states of Southern Europe and Egypt while in Zimbabwe and Democratic Republic of the Congo the improvement was the smallest. The evolution of these indicators dramatically influenced life expectancy at birth in these particular states. The main factors that influence life expectancy at birth include GDP per capita in PPP, the number of physicians, health expenditure, alcohol consumption and immunization.
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Changes in family behaviour in Czech Republic
Cséfalvaiová, Kornélia ; Langhamrová, Jitka (advisor) ; Poláková, Olga (referee)
The work has theoretical character. It consists of five chapters. Included is the list of bibliographical references too. The first chapter defines the concept of family and its role in modern society, presents the view of several authors on the family and the family atmosphere, forms and functions of the family. In the second chapter the author points out the objectives and tasks of marriage to unmarried cohabitation. It addresses the impact of unemployment on family relations. The third chapter is devoted to parenting, the role of mother and father. The author emphasizes the importance of family for the child, dealing with the basic needs of children. Ample space is devoted to parenting. The fourth chapter deals with changes in family behavior in the Czech Republic from a demographic perspective, occurring after 1989. Notes on the causes behind a deep decline in marriage, fertility, birth, and also points to the cause of rising divorce rate. The author of the work shows the importance of family and parenthood for young people, the important position of children in terms of everyone and also tries to positively influence the desire for a child, which could then be positively reflected on the evolution of fertility and birth rate. The fifth chapter focuses on the demographic evolution of nuptiality, divorce rate. This chapter includes fertility, birth rate and abortion analyses.
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Third child - random or stationary phenomenon?
Karpecká, Olga ; Langhamrová, Jitka (advisor) ; Kozelský, Tomáš (referee)
The aim of this work is to answer question, if rate of third children in population is stationary phenomenon or, is influenced by something. In cause of influence, the aim of work is to find, what affect decision of woman, to have third child and, if it is possible to set up this condition artificially, for example within pro-population policy. The work should bring needed information about third child not only to specialists, but also to interested non-specialists as are parents of three children or entrepreneurs in facilities, to use information for marketing purposes. The work is structured into several parts. Firstly, there is theoretical part including historical progress of number of children in family, focused on third child, coming from special literature. Next continue practical part, analysis of reasonable data about natal third children, completed with graphs. In last part of the work there are data completed by questionaries filled in by mothers of three children.
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Comparison of specific demographic and economic indicators in the Czech Republic and Sweden
Veselý, Václav ; Langhamrová, Jitka (advisor) ; Löster, Tomáš (referee)
Bachelor thesis describes differences and similarities in the demographic development between the Czech Republic and Sweden. The first part is focused on the systems of family policy in both countries. In the Czech Republic the main tool is the financial support for families with children. In Sweden the main aim is to provide mothers opportunities for both child care and their profession. In the next part it is written down the development of demographical indicators in the last 20 years. In the Czech Republic there is obvious the aging of population, while in Sweden the aging is not so strong. In the last 20 years the value of total fertility rate dropped at first, but later it rose again. In both countries women postpone childbearing into their higher ages. After standardization it's obvious that mortality in Sweden is much lower than in the Czech Republic. Life expectancy is rising in both countries. Both countries belong to the top of the world according to infant and neonatal mortality. Due to the decline in number of marriages after the year 1990 in the Czech Republic nowadays the marriage rate is at the similar level as in Sweden. Migration increase is quite variable, but both countries show permanently positive values. Both countries are compared according to the proportion of social protection expenditures on GDP or according to the total tax rate. In both indicators Sweden belongs to the countries with the highest level in Europe. At the end of the thesis the relationship between social policy and development of demographic indicators (especially birth rate) is shown. For the Czech Republic it's recommended to increase the number of nursery schools and to support part-time job.
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The changes in the age structure of the economically active population in Czech Republic
Hromková, Kristýna ; Langhamrová, Jitka (advisor) ; Mazouch, Petr (referee)
This bachelor thesis examines changes in age structure, especially of the economically active population in Czech Republic. The first part of the thesis will outline the development of the demographic characteristics of Czech Republic, particularly life expectancy, birth rate, fertility rate, marriage rate, divorce rate, mortality rate and migration rate. These characteristics have a significant influence on the aging of population. The next part of the thesis will outline the development of population prognosis of these characteristics. In the next part will probe into the concept of economically active population, its employment and unemployment, followed by the development in the age structure of the economically active population concentrating on the First World War until present. It will examine the changes in the age structure of the economically active population, which will significantly decrease until 2060, and the proportion of people of retirement age will be doubled. The number of retired people will grow substantially and it will affect the pension system. Finally, I will examine the impact of migration on changes in age structure.
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Alzheimer's disease as a European priority
Tomsová, Tereza ; Langhamrová, Jitka (advisor) ; Durdisová, Jaroslava (referee)
The aim of the thesis is to provide insight look into the problems of Alz-heimer's disease, which doesn't mean a problem of individuals and individual families only, but pose a serious problem of the society as whole. It is a matter not only of the present days but also of the future, particularly in the view of the pro-jected demographic trends of the population aging the number of the people af-fected by neurodegenerative disease is going to increase.
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