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Evaluation of changes in the locomotor apparatus of soldiers after applying the elements of health and physical education during a three-month period
Novotná, Renáta ; Majorová, Simona (advisor) ; Levitová, Andrea (referee)
5 Abstract Title: Evaluation of changes in the locomotor apparatus of soldiers after applying the elements of health and physical education during a three-month intervention Aim of the Thesis: To emphasize the meaning of health and physical education conduct (hereinafter referred to as health and PE), to apply a set of common health and PE elements during the three-month intervention, to assess the changes in the locomotor apparatus of experimental groups and control groups, and according to the results obtained, to recommend health and physical education as an integral part included in the system of military physical education and training. Methods Used: Empirical approach and research methods were used in this thesis. The concept of a quasi-experiment was used in the research too. The research had three phases: introductive muscle examination, intervention and final muscle examination, followed by a questionnaire. The examined package comprising 60 soldiers was divided into two experimental groups (2 x 20 soldiers) and one control group (20 soldiers). The testing method assessed the locomotor apparatus state of the examined group. Common elements of the health and PE were selected and applied to the experimental groups on the basis of the introductive test of muscle functioning. The evaluation of the...
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Entrainment of the circadian clock within the rat suprachiasmatic nukleus during fetal and early postnatal development
El-Hennamy Essam, Rehab ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Novotná, Růžena (referee) ; Mourek, Jindřich (referee)
All mammals exhibit daily rhythms which persist in non-periodic environment with a period close to 24h. These rhythms are entrained to the 24h day mostly by the light-dark cycle. These circadian rhythms are controlled by a clock (pacemaker) located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus. In the rat, the circadian clock within the SCN develops gradually from prenatal to postnatal period and is supposed to be synchronized mainly by maternal signals. However, the rat SCN is sensitive to light immediately after birth. The aim of the present work was to investigate the mechanism of entrainment of the circadian clock within the rat SCN during fetal and early postnatal development. The specific questions were whether and when the immature fetal and neonatal molecular SCN clocks can be reset by maternal cues, and whether and when the external light-dark cycle (LD) can affect the developing circadian rhythms. The role of light-dark cycle in the development of the photoperiodic entrainment during early postnatal period was also examined. Experiment no. (1): Pregnant rats were maintained under a light - dark regime with 12 h of light and 12 h of darkness (LD12:12). At gestational day 20 (E20), the fetuses were sampled throughout the day under either LD12:12 or constant darkness (DD). The...
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Maternal entrainment during prenatal ontogenesis of the rat
Nováková, Marta ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Novotná, Růžena (referee)
Under constant conditions, many biological processes repeat regularly with a period about 24 hour, i.e., exhibit circadian rhythms. For example, these rhythms are in sleep/wakefulness, locomotor activity, hormonal secretion and body temperature. In mammals, circadian rhythms are controlled centrally from the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). At the molecular level, the periodicity of these rhythms is due to the rhythmic expression of clock genes within individual neurons of the SCN. The expression of the clock genes is controlled by transcriptional-translational feedback loops. Apart form the SCN, the clock genes are rhytmically transcribed also in various peripheral tissues. The peripheral oscillations are synchronized centrally by the SCN clock that is entrained precisely to the 24 hour day by regular changes of the light and dark period, namely by the light period of the day. The central and peripheral circadian clocks drive rhythmic expression of clock-controlled genes and thus affect many physiological processes. Malfunctions in the circadian system may contribute to development of many diseases, such as malignant growth, obesity or sleep disorders. Circadian clock in the SCN develops gradually during prenatal and early postnatal period. In the rat, this period lasts from around 14th day of...
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Developing of "eurojargon" in Czech
Černíková, Marie ; Novotná, Renata (referee) ; Bozděchová, Ivana (referee)
Každá profesní, někdy i sociální skupina užívá vlastní zvláštní odborný slovník, dává slovům jiný význam nebo vytváří novotvary. Výrazný je např. slang ve stavebnictví, v hoteliérství, rodině. Jedná se většinou o nespisovnou vrstvu jazyka, jen některá slangová slova se stanou součástí spisovné češtiny. I zaměstnanci Evropské unie si při neformálních setkáních jistě vytvořili vlastní slang, který nás ovšem z hlediska češtiny zatím nezajímá a který by se jistě i těžko analyzoval. Pozoruhodné ovšem je to, že i termíny, které souvisejí s Evropskou unií a používají se v právních textech a patří tedy do spisovného jazyka, nazývají úředníci evropských institucích "eurožargonem". Vzhledem k našemu vstupu do Evropské unie a s tím spojené povinnosti pořídit české překlady všech právních textů EU máme jedinečnou možnost zabývat se vytvářejícím se českým "eurožargonu". Tato situace je o to výjimečnější, že po našem vstupu do Evropské unié se většina právních předpisů EU bude překládat v Bruselu a nebude tedy již přímý kontakt s tímto procesem. Rozsáhlost slovníku "eurožargonu" je dána značnou rozsáhlostí textů -jedná se o více než 80 000 stran jen právních předpisů, nehledě na ostatní dokumenty, a tedy i velkým počtem uživatelů tohoto jazykového útvaru, a poměrně dlouhou dobou, během které se vytváří a vytvářel. Vždyť...
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Issues connected with nutrition of elderly.
NOVOTNÁ, Radka
This thesis addresses the issue of nutrition of the elderly. The aim of the thesis was to explore the differences in the diets of seniors living in households and those living in retirement homes. The thesis consists of a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is divided into several chapters. In the first part terms related to the issue of aging and assessment of the demographic situation of the Czech Republic are explained. The second part focuses on the signs of aging, specifically on the physiological, psychological and social changes. Furthermore, it takes a look at energy needs in old age, types of nutrients and consequences in case of insufficient or excess amounts of nutrients. The following chapter deals with fluid intake, which is an equally important part of the diet and is often overlooked, when respecting the rules of fluid intake is of great importance to the health of each of us. The theoretical part also mentions factors that affect seniors eating habits, nutrition recommendations, the effects of bad eating, which include malnutrition, obesity, sarcopenia and osteoporosis. The last chapter focuses on retirement homes. For the practical part of the thesis a qualitative research method was chosen. The following research questions were posed: 1. What are the differences in regularity of meals of seniors living at home and in retirement homes? 2. What is the consumption of fruits and vegetables among seniors living in households and retirement homes? 3. What is the consumption of foods rich in animal fats of seniors living in households and in retirement homes? 4. What are the differences in fluid intake of seniors living in households and retirement homes? Data collection was achieved through semi - structured interviews, which were attended by seniors from the household environment and those from retirement homes. The research group consisted of 16 respondents aged 65 - 92 years. Half of the respondents live in a household and a half in a retirement home. Respondents were selected on the basis of plain (intentional) purposeful selection. The research was conducted in the Pelhřimov district. A total of 16 interviews took place.The research shows that seniors living in retirement homes have a more regular eating routine than seniors living in households. In the majority of responses they indicated that they eat 5 times a day. Also, the time intervals between meals are more regular in retirement homes. Furthermore, the interviews showed that seniors from households are more likely to consume fruit than elderly people in retirement homes, while seniors from retirement homes eat more vegetables. The results also showed that consumption of foods rich in animal fats does not differ significantly in the two groups. Both groups of respondents prefer animal fats to vegetable fats. Seniors from retirement homes tend to eat meat, while seniors in households consume more smoked meats. The research showed that the elderly living in retirement homes have a more regular fluid intake than seniors at home. Fluid intake of the elderly in nursing homes is more evenly spread throughout the day, and the total volume of fluid consumption reaches the recommended daily intake. But that is not the case of half the respondents living in households who stated that the total intake of fluids is less than 1.5 litres per day. In the discussion my findings are compared with the results and opinions of other authors who have dealt with the same issue. Then follows the conclusion of the work, which summarizes the results of my research. These results were provided to the retirement homes, which participated in the research. An informative leaflet, which is part of this thesis, was also produced and should raise awareness of seniors in the area of nutrition.
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Evolution of the Tax Burden on Individual Income by Personal Income Tax
NOVOTNÁ, Radka
This bachelor thesis investigates the personal income tax. The thesis follows evolution of the tax burden on a taxpayer of this tax during the period between 2010 and 2015. The basic concepts of tax theory are mentioned in the theoretical part of the thesis. The work deals with the structure and the legislative adjustment of personal income tax and the statutory social security and health insurance contribution, which have a character of tax. The thesis adjusts various model incomes of employee and self-employed to the tax base, including the calculation of the tax base, in the practical part. The work examines the burden of taxpayers by personal income tax and also by this tax and the statutory social security and health insurance contribution together. The thesis also demonstrates the impact of the individual taxation changes on taxpayers and on their tax obligations. The results of the differences between the tax obligations of employee and self-employed during the period between 2010 and 2015 are summarized in the conclusion.
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