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The logic of Charles S. Peirce
Houška, Martin ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (referee) ; Kolman, Vojtěch (advisor)
Tato práce se pokouší zmapovat hlavní přínosy Charlese Sanderse Peirce v logice. Hlavní pozornost zde bude věnována Peircově teorii existenčních grafů, které jsou, mezi ostatními významnými Peircovými objevy, často opomínány. V centrální pasáži o existenčních grafech se pokusíme dostatečně jasně vysvětlit principy fungování těchto grafů a dále ukážeme některé jejich významné vlastnosti. Protože se tato práce věnuje téměř výhradně jen objevům Charlese Sanderse Peirce považuji za vhodné, hned na úvod uvést několik základních informací o jeho životě. Charles Sanders Peirce (18391914), syn Benjamina Peirce (profesora matematiky na Harvardské univerzitě), je světově uznáván jako logik a filosof, ovšem věnoval se i ekonomii, právu a sociálním vědám1. Peirce je ve filosofii znám jako čelní představitel pragmatismu a je mnohými považován za vůbec největšího amerického logika. Množství jeho publikací se pohybuje kolem 12 000 tištěných stran a jeho zatím známé a nevydané manuskripty se počítají na 80 000 ručně popsaných stran. Ač byl Peirce za svého života nedoceňován, jeho práce ovlivnila mnoho generací myslitelů po něm, jmenujme například Schrödera a Peana. Peirce sám stavěl na myšlenkovém odkazu Immanuela Kanta, dále na pracích logiků a matematiků jako byli například Leonhard Euler nebo William z Ockhamu. Charles...
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Concept of logical consequence
Kubalík, Štěpán ; Kolář, Petr (referee) ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor)
What does i t mean for a gi ven sentence to be a logical consequence of another one? Some basic articulation of this notion is easily available: no matter what is the case, if the premisses are true, then the conclusion is true. Alfred Tarski proposed in 1936 his famous no-counterexample analysis of this notion which was supposed to refine this intuitions and become conceptually adequate formal counterpart of pre-theoretic notion: a sentence X is a logical consequence of K if and only if there is no possible interpretation (model) of the nonlogical terminology of L according to which all the sentences in K are true and X is false. This definition has been considered a conceptually adequate analysis of the pre-formal notion of logical consequence up to present day. I am tryting to find out in this text if this believe can be justified. Various realizations of Tarski's definitional proposal exhibi ts various faul ts, and in the end i t seems like the model-theoretic approach to account of logical notions is not useful for this purpose at all.
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D. C. Dennett's Approach: on the way to explanation of consciousness
Vraný, Martin ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Palkoska, Jan (referee)
l'vEnd-Body problem has been a perpetual philosophical issue ever since the dawn of science, and the discussion of Descartes's dualism was the paradigmatic showroom of post:lible solutions for a long time. It wasn't perhaps until the mid-20th century that the debate underwent a considerable conceptual transformation thanks to two impctllses from science: the boom in brainscanning experiments and the boom in computing devices and informatics. The former provided philosophers and scientists with abundance of evidence of correlations between brain activity and mental states. The latter showed how higher mental activities, like pattern recognition Ol' playing chess, could be performed by fast computing machines running a relatively simple programme. Besides these two, there is another important source ať infiuence (only as far as the methodology is concerned) behaviourism. Despite its decline in 1960s marked by renewed interest in the study of mind, theorists were reluctant to rehabilitate the concept of consciousness.
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Manažerské propočty z hlediska logiky, analytické mikroekonomie a dalších teoretických disciplin
Hašková, Simona ; Jiroušek, Radim (advisor) ; Mrkvička, Tomáš (referee) ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (referee) ; Volf, Petr (referee)
It is no secret that 'managerial' solutions are not, on average, nearly as reliable as 'technical' solutions. The focus of this work is to clarify the reasons why this is so, and to seek ways to increase the reliability of managerial solutions. The causes of this situation are both subjective (human factor failure), which can be influenced, and objective (complexity of the problem, the specifics of human behaviour, etc.) that can be only minimally influenced. Significant subjective causes at work were identified as: a. cognitive distortions at the mental level of thinking of the problem solvers; b. deficiencies in making inference and drawing conclusions; c. incorrect argumentation. There are two ways to reduce these causes: 1. cultivation of managerial thinking of the problem solvers; 2. the use of reserves in the implementation of approaches and tools of theoretical disciplines that already operate successfully elsewhere and are beneficial for managerial solutions. The first way deals with procedures for managerial solutions formulated in the language of the relevant discipline (the language of management), expressed by natural language and the chain of formulas (calculations) and visual (graphic) tools in the form of managerial decision trees, diagrams and charts with the rules of 'managerial logic'. This is generally defined as a set of approaches, tools, methods and skills needed for credible justification when solving managerial problems. Specifically it deals with: - the 'case-based reasoning' approach, which aims at finding the best point of view on a given problem and analysing all considered aspects within its context step-by-step in detail; - translating the tools and methods of modern logic (especially its intuitionistic version) from the language of logic into the language of management taking into account the factual content of expressive means of the language of management including the ability of their effective application; - respecting the principles of rational and ethical argumentation within managerial solutions. The second way circumvents managerial solution procedures by recasting the managerial task to the task of a scientific discipline (logic, game theory, etc.) and derives the correct result therein. In this context we talk about the use of knowledge of theoretical disciplines in management. Both of these ways are demonstrated in the work in a number of illustrative examples and the annexed case studies addressing the specific tasks of managerial practice.
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"Logica ludus"
Peregrin, Jaroslav
Recent development of logic has brought about an interest in the interconnections between logic and game theory. As a result, logical calculi have started to be seen as means of delimitation of certain rules, within the framework of which we then play certain games ('of justification'), represented by statements of the corresponding calculi. The paper discusses two variants of such 'game-theoretical' approach to logic: Hintikka's game-theoretical semantics of classical logic and Lorenzen's dialogic logic.
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Zaměnitelnost
Peregrin, Jaroslav
Semantic atomists explain meanings of complex expressions as composed of meanings of their parts Semantic holists insist that meanings of (at least some) wholes are more basic than meanings of parts, and hence they need the relation of intersubstitutivity to get them from the meanings of wholes to those of their parts. As intersubstitutivity is always w.r.t. an equivalence (two expressions are intersubstitutive iff a statement which arises from any statement S by the substitution of one of them for the other is equivalent to S), the crucial question is what could be the meaning-individuating equivalence?. Sameness of truth values, sameness of truth conditions, or rather some king of mutual deducibility? This paper studies the conditions under which intersubstitutivity w.r.t. such possible candidates to meaning-individuating equivalences come to the same.
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Logika jako "činění explicitním"
Peregrin, Jaroslav
The paper fills some technical details into the picture of logic provided by B. Brandom, who sees logical vocabulary first and foremost as a means of making explicit certain rules implicit in our using language. It inspects the usual logical operators and indicates how they can be seen as a means of explicitating inferential structure. It claims that the need of such an explicitation leads to a set of 'inferentially native' operators, which, within various logical systems, can mutate into various forms.
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