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The Analysis of Personal Identity in Hume's Treatise of Human Nature
Sýkorová, Tereza ; Palkoska, Jan (advisor) ; Karásek, Jindřich (referee)
This bachelor's thesis puts forward an interpretation of David Hume's analysis of personal identity in his Treatise of Human Nature, as well as an interpretation of his subsequent doubts expressed in the Appendix. In the first part of the thesis an interpretation of Hume's theory of mind as a "bundle of perceptions", as well as an interpretation of his explanation of our propension to regard this bundle as a synchronically and diachronically identical entity is presented, after an introduction describing the philosophical discourse around personal identity, Hume's conception of philosophy and his revisionist ontology. In the second part an interpretation of the passage from the Appendix is presented, in which Hume expresses dissatisfaction with his account of personal identity. In this thesis I hold the view that the main source of Hume's dissatisfaction is the fact that the idea of the mind as a collection of all present perceptions interconnected through causal relations, which Hume held for a true idea and which serves as an implied foundation of the whole first book of the Treatise, turned out to be fictitious, just as all the other metaphysical ideas. His explanation of our propension to regard the collection of perceptions as a synchronically and diachronically identical entity, which is...
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Material world in the system of pre-established harmony
Kožíšek, Jakub ; Palkoska, Jan (advisor) ; Hill, James (referee)
In my thesis I will be engaged in Leibniz's conception of material world in the system of pre-established harmony. In Leibniz's philosophy bodies exist at least on two different levels of reality. We can think of them as aggregates of simple, not extended substances - monads, or on phenomenal level, as well founded phenomena, which are only representations of monads. My primary aim is to examine, how these two conceptions of material world connected are.
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The concept of mind at the beginning of modern philosophy
Kadlec, David ; Hill, James (advisor) ; Palkoska, Jan (referee)
The essay concerns itself with the concept of mind in John Locke's and René Descartes' philosophy. The main focus lies on the abilities of human soul, that is understanding and will, and its ontological properties. The work tackles questions regarding personal identity, freedom of will, and the kind of substance that a mind is. Both systems are, after their introduction, critically examined, and their strengths and weaknesses are compared. The difference between both philosophers crystallizes towards the end of the piece in their view on the immateriality or materiality of mind. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Does consciousness exhaust the nature of thought? The meaning of Descartes's term "cogitare"
Sedláková, Jana ; Palkoska, Jan (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to deal with the problems which arise from interpretations of Descartes' term "cogitare". It concentrates on the deconstruction of the orthodox interpretations which explain the term "cogitare" as "to be conscious". The thesis aims at introducing three alternative interpretations from Czech academic environment, the one of James Hill, of Petr Glombíček, and of Tomáš Marvan. I would like to refer to the problems of orthodox reading as well as to benefits and losses of the other interpretations. I will proceed through analysis of sensory perceptions, emotions and dream. The purpose of the thesis is not to find the definite meaning of "cogitare", but to make the readers familiar with these problems and their interpretations which I find more plausible than the orthodox interpretation. The term "consciousness" is a complex term which needs to be explained in order to be capable of explaining other philosophical problems. Keywords: Descartes, thinking, consciousness, sensory perceptions, emotions, dream, self-reflection, judgment, propositional content
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Notions Subject and Object, Soul and Body and their Relationship in Descates' Meditations on First Philosophy
Rabas, Martin ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Palkoska, Jan (referee)
The aim of the study is to analyse, on the basis of Descartes's Meditations on First Philosophy, the scope of the terms "soul" and "body" and to derive what meaning may be in the light of them given to the modern terms "subject" and "object." The primary question is what the respective essences of res cogitans and res extensa consist in. To achieve this goal, the study interprets relevant passages from Descartes' work and highlights its standpoints and the main ontological decisions Descartes makes. The point of this questioning is to understand his novel conception of the relation between man and the world that became determining for the modern era. Later philosophers up to this day have often considered Descartes' dualism between soul and body as a philosophical concept that should be abandoned. The aim of the work is therefore to understand what negatives result from this concept.
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Scientific Realism and the Natural World
Joseph, Jacques ; Palkoska, Jan (advisor) ; Kolman, Vojtěch (referee)
Jacques Joseph Scientific Realism and the Natural World M.A. thesis Abstract The main topic of this work is the relation between the natural world and the world of the natural sciences, and furthermore the relation of both these worlds to our conception of an external reality "as it really is". The core of the work is rooted mainly in the Anglo-American analytical philosophy of science, namely the debate concerning scientific realism, with a section dedicated to Husserl's conception of the relation between the natural world and natural sciences (as described in his Krisis). The goal of this work is to show scientific realism as broken beyond repair, and to then offer an alternative. The problems that plague realism run deep into its roots, many of which it shares with its opponents, the new alternative theory therefore needs to be completely different. This work suggests the "Natural ontological attitude" (NOA) presented by Arthur Fine, a theory that tries to salvage the intuitions that made realism seem so attractive. NOA is then developped, using texts by W. V. O. Quine and D. Davidson, as a minimalistic metaphysics based strongly on language that still manages to provide a relation to an extra-linguistic reality.
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The (in)depence of elementary propositions in early Wittgenstein
Fořtová, Zuzana ; Kolman, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Palkoska, Jan (referee)
In my Master's thesis, I focus on the problem of dependence and independence of elementary propositions in the Tractatus and Some Remarks on Logical Form. The main issue I wish to analyze in my investigation is the question of whether the independence of elementary propositions (asserted in the Tractatus) is necessary for the maintenance of Tractarian truth-functional analysis of propositions. The motivation behind this is the fact that, in the SRLF, Wittgenstein explicitly rejects, after precise argumentation, the independence of elementary propositions concerning characteristics allowing gradation. After analyzing the essential arguments and precise rendering of independence of elementary propositions in the Tractatus and considering arguments for their dependence in the SRLF, I argue that (based on my analysis of both works) the mutual dependence of some elementary propositions is not problematic for Tractarian truth-functional analysis.
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Vinculum substantiale
Kohout, Ondřej ; Palkoska, Jan (advisor) ; Hill, James (referee)
In my bachelor's thesis, I focus on the hypothesis of a substantial bond ("vinculum substantiale") in Leibniz's later philosophy. I discuss the whole conception of a substance - main definitions and necessary implications, which have crucial importance for my thesis. After this ontological exposition, I continue with the interpretation of the Christian's mystery of the Eucharist. This one is very important for my thesis because the substantial bond was also meant to solve the problem of the transubstantiation. After these preliminary discussions, I try to show the most important aspects and interpretations of the substantial bond. The outcome of my thesis is a thorough explanation of this hypothesis.
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"Scire Deum esse". Scotus's proof of the existence of God a a genuine achievement of metaphysics understood as an Aristotelian science
Novák, Lukáš ; Sousedík, Stanislav (advisor) ; Karfíková, Lenka (referee) ; Palkoska, Jan (referee)
Vydali jsme se pátrat po tom, co to pro Dunse Scota znamená, vědět, že Bůh je. Naše zkoumání nám ukázalo, že pro Dunse Scota přirozené, vědecké poznání Boha, které jediné může aspirovat na titul vědění, nelze oddělit od poznání jsoucna jakožto jsoucna - ale nejen to: ani poznání jsoucna jakožto jsoucna nelze dosáhnout nezávisle na poznání Boha. Shrňme nyní nejdůležitější aspekty tohoto vztahu ontologicky pojatého metafyzického zkoumání a poznání Boha, jak se nám v průběhu práce vyjevily. Především se ukázalo, že vědecké poznání Boha není pro člověka dosažitelné v rámci jiné vědy, než je věda o jsoucnu jakožto jsoucnu: pouze v rámci této vědy je totiž možné získat pojmy, které lze na Boha vůbec aplikovat: totiž transcendentální pojem jsoucna, jeho atributy, a pojmy čistých dokonalostí, jejichž bytostná přináležitost do rámce metafyzického zkoumání se ukázala teprve v okamžiku, kdy plně vyšla najevo role, jakou v této vědě hraje poznání Boha. Dále, při zkoumání našich možností pokud jde o vědecké poznání povahy a atributů jsoucna jakožto jsoucna vyšlo najevo, že pro důkaz skutečně transcendentálního rozsahu pojmu jsoucna, tj. pro důkaz jeho indiference vůči konečnosti a nekonečnosti, se neobejdeme bez důkazu existence nekonečného jsoucna, tedy bez důkazu existence Boží - nedisponujeme totiž žádnou jinou...
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