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Subjective body and life. An Essay on the way of thinking of Michel Henry
Jiskra, Martin ; Novotný, Karel (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
v anglickém jazyce: The fundamental theme of this diploma paper is the phenomenology of the body which is related to the investigation of the act of the appearing itself in the works of the French philosopher Michel Henry. The phenomenological approach of this thinker is going to be defined primarily by the confrontation with intentional phenomenology of Edmund Husserl, which in the matter of the appearance keeps itself within the bounds of the relation to the world. This classical version of the phenomenology will be compared with Henrys phenomenology of the life. The life which is understood in such a manner is invisible or unapparent because it is radically immanent and never appears in the exteriority of the world. Anyhow, the redefinition of the classical conception of the appearance should make possible access to the most important and the most interesting thing for us that is to say to subjective or transcendental body, which appears and experiences itself directly in its affective self- experience of the invisible interiority. Therefore, the subjective body is going to be described upon these grounds together with Henry as immanent being that is at the same time appearance. Thus we are going to present philosophy of Michel Henry, which is called radical phenomenology of interiority that is...
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Instrumentality of knowledge: instrumentalism in philosophy of scienc
Cvek, Boris ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kolman, Vojtěch (referee) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
Richard Rorty's main thesis in his work Philosphy and the Mirror of Nature centers on a critique of representationalism in a fundamentally relativistic way. The aim of this disseration is to grasp Rorty's ideas in broader sense as a critique of inadequate interpretation of knowing- that and shift the attention to knowing-how as a key to new understanding the success of natural sciences. The fact that something is reproducibly possible for us to make in the surrounding world is not relative, and it is precisely in this way that technology (knowing- how) spreads so successfully even at multi-cultural level. In contrast, the explanatory function (knowing-that) of the natural sciences is relative, making sense only in the context of what is already known and accepted. Natural sciences are so successful because their experiments and only then take agreement of hypothesis with experimental practice (knowing-how) as the criterion of its acceptability. This dissertation offers, as a way out of Rortian relativism, the concept of "open authority" and proposes a new development in philosophic pragmatism based on it.
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Intersubjectivity in the Work of Jan Patočka
Jelínková, Eliška ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee)
(in English): The work analyzes Patočka's conception of intersubjectivity between the doctrine of the three movements of human existence and the draft of asubjective phenomenology. Its starting point is the interpretation of human existence as movement, the key aspects of which being phenomenal corporeality, temporality, Patočka's "radicalization" of the Aristotelian conception of movement and the revision of phenomenological reflection. This interpretation results in an outline of the primary two-pole shared situation, which is later followed by an interpretation of intersubjective modalities based on the interpretation of the doctrine of the three movements, which relies mainly on the leitmotif of returning to oneself through others. The synthesizing step of the work is to consider the topic of intersubjectivity in connection with asubjective phenomenology. Its main motives are the reconstruction of an independent phenomenal sphere and a relationship to the whole. The final evaluation deals with the importance of intersubjectivity in both projects, their compatibility, and the benefits of their joint consideration.
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Theory of Concept in Philosophy of Henri Bergson
Štingl, Jakub ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
(in English): In this thesis I concentrate on theory of concepts and ideas in philosophy of Henri Bergson. He treats the problematic mainly in the third chapter of his book Matter and Memory. There he construes his theory in the spirit of his preceding theories of perception and memory that we will also have to understand first. First, he confronts two traditional philosophical approaches to the problematic, those of nominalism and conceptualism, because he recognizes that their conceptual apparatus had been appropriated by the psychological theories of his time even though it does not correspond with reality. Both these theories wrongly conceive of perception as of registration of individuals, whereas the processes of generalization and abstraction are thought by them to be executed afterwards by the intellect. To Bergson, on the other hand, generalization is present already in the uniformity of instinctive reactions of the body to various outer impulses. Besides, thanks to the presence of memory and reflection, the uniformity which was only felt during the habitual reactions can be transform into generality, and thus become a general idea. We will see that although the general ideas are created primarily for practical purposes, there exists a lot of secondary ideas, called "concepts" by Bergson...
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Revealing the animate world: Maurice Merleau-Ponty and philosophy of nature
Zeman, Daniel ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
Although Merleau-Ponty did not write a book that would explicitly deal with the philosophy of nature, it is clear - thanks to the published transcripts of lectures at the College de France - that he considered this issue to be very important. A philosophy which in its anthropological and ontological concepts overlooks nature is not able to give, according to Merleau-Ponty, a realistic picture of human existence. If the philosophy of nature is not to be subordinated to metaphysics or exact science, it must be based on thinking about our physical, and therefore perceptual- emotional being in the world. Part of this interest in nature is also an interest in non-human animals who bodily inhabit the natural world and relate to it in their own way, although they may share significant biological and behavioral traits with us. In Merleau-Ponty's philosohy, the phenomenology of not only human corporeality and vitality meets with considerations of the being of nature, and the reflection of certain scientific conceptions meets with the clarification of the philosophical concept of nature.
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Subject Falling out of a Situation
Míka, Matyáš ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
This work juxtaposes Michel Foucault's late thought on the issue of the subject and Jan Císař's thought on theatre as communication. Its objective is to outline the possibility to understand individual self-care as propaedeutics to the communication with others through one's own act. What follows after explaining the positions of both authors, is an analysis of the subject's situation and the subject's act from the position of Foucault's ethics and through the event nature of theatrical communication. Since Foucault's and Císař's thought does not naturally result in an integrated theatrological/philosophical concept, the final chapter presents a possible solution of the controversial issues consisting in going beyond the two concepts discussed with the help of Friedrich Nietzsche's early texts and of Ivan Vyskočil's dialogue acting.
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The Concept of History in the Works of Theodor W. Adorno and Walter Benjamin
Kettner, Marek ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The thesis examines the concept of history in the thinking of Walter Benjamin and Theodor W. Adorno. It systematically inquires into texts of the period between 1913 and 1932. Benjamin's thought is interpreted in its whole, with regards to his key concepts of messianic salvation, profane revolution, biblical fall, mythical positing of right, and actuality of the present. Adorno's contribution to the concept of history is examined on the basis of three early texts from the beginning of the thirties. The thesis follows first the evolution of the concept of history in the thought of Benjamin and then turns toward the relation between the explicated deliberations regarding the theme and the conception of Adorno. The major change which occurs during Adorno's accepting of Benjamin's terminology and thoughts lies in the fact that the concept of history is moved from the theological-eschatological context to the context of praxis. Key Words Philosophy of history, messianic salvation, revolution, myth, right, actuality, configuration.
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World, Body and Perception in Philosophy of Merleau-Ponty
Tůma, Martin ; De Santis, Daniele (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The purpose of this thesis is (1) to present a general picture of Merleau-Ponty's philosophy, (2) to identify and describe the most fundamental features of his phenomenology, and (3) to explain his view of the relationship between humans and the world. To do this, I use mainly Merleau- Ponty's most well-known book Phenomenology of Perception (1945), and to a lesser degree his unfinished manuscript The Visible and the Invisible (1964). My interpretative approach is heavily influenced by Hubert Dreyfus' reading of Merleau-Ponty, as he presents it in his series of lectures dedicated this thinker. The central feature of this line of interpretation is that it situates Merleau-Ponty into a Heideggerian framework. In the picture which this thesis presents, Merleau-Ponty considers subject and object not to be basic ontological categories, but derivative of a more fundamental reality, a deeper domain of experience where the inner and the outer intermingle and intertwine so it is impossible to say to what degree is one active and the other passive, or even where one ends and the other begins. In the reading I present here, at the bottom of this experiential milieu there is an unceasing striving towards an organization which is most conductive towards optimal coping with the environment, or towards maximum...
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Listen to the look: Sartre, Lévinas and the other
Schubert, Alfréd ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Válová, Dita (referee)
If we want to compare Sartre's and Lévinas's conception of intersubjectivity, we need to start by assessing the difference between the two situations which these thinkers consider as model cases for the relation to the other: the author of Being and Nothingness emphasizes the dramatic character of the relation using the metaphor of the other's look, who's objectivizing power forces the subject to protect itself; in Totality and Infinity, on the other hand, is highlighted the situation of listening, in which I do not objectivize the other and am not objectivized, but called to respect the other's alterity. Which of these situations should we consider as the essential paradigm of the relation to the other? Am I haunted by the other's look wherever I go? Or is it only through his face that the sense of being is opening to me? While Sartre an Lévinas agree that the apparition of the other poses an aperture in the world of my possibilities, for Lévinas, it constitutes mostly a window through which the ethical sense of my earthly being and a call to take responsibility for my freedom shine through to me. For Sartre, contrarily, the leak in the world is most importantly threatening my freedom. We will carefully consider the differences and similarities in the conception of the other in philosophy of the...
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Foucault's Philosophy of Freedom
Petříček, Jan ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
In this thesis, we interrogate the possibility of freedom presupposed by the project of philosophical critique developed by late Foucault, which aims both at analysis of historical a priori conditions and at disruption of our present a priori. The first chapter shows that this critical project can be traced back to Foucault's early works. Moreover, Foucault tackled the problem of freedom in every phase of his work and he kept proposing the same solution, namely, that the spaces of freedom are opened up by ruptures emerging within the system governing a given period. Next, different concepts of freedom present in Foucault's texts are distinguished. On this basis, it is possible to restate the question of critic's freedom, which we now define as the problem of articulation between the ontological freedom, the reflective freedom and the freedom of transformation. The second chapter is devoted to Foucault's archaeological period. First, we show how the conception presented in The Order of the Things leads to aporias regarding the question of freedom. Next, we describe the theoretical transformations carried out in The Archaeology of Knowledge and examine whether Foucault succeeded in eliminating the earlier difficulties. However, this later solution also turns out to be unsatisfactory, because it falls...
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