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The Concept of Aura Between Benjamin and Adorno
Vítů, Viktorie ; Ritter, Martin (advisor) ; Matějčková, Tereza (referee)
In my thesis I focus on Benjamin's notion of aura which can be found in The Work of Art in the Age of its Technological Reproducibility and A short History of Photography. I read the notion of aura as uniqueness of (not only) work of art, its spatiotemporal continuity. In the second chapter Adorno's critique of Benjamin's position from The Work of Art in the Age of its Technological Reproducibility is introduced. Adorno states that Benjamin connects aura with autonomy and autonomy with contra-revolutionarity. Adrono's main project consists in the apology of autonomy of the artwork through showing its dialectic - artwork becomes social by its extirpation from society. In the last chapter I return to The Work of Art in the Age of its Technological Reproducibility and, with support in other works of Benjamin, show, why his proclamation of the politicization of art cannot be read as an appeal to the heteronomy of art and the condemnation of its autonomy. In the light of this is shown why Adorno's critique misses its target. My conclusion is, that if there is something what Benjamin sees as contra-revolutionary, it is not the autonomy, but the aura itself. However, it has to be taken with a grain of salt, because Benjamin does not refuse traditional media. He rather criticize the way how the society...
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Kierkegaard's Theory of the Self
Sklenář, Václav ; Němec, Václav (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
(in English): Main focus of the thesis is Kierkegaard's description of man's existential possibilities which is framed by his theory of three existential stages - aesthetic, ethical and religious. The thesis aims at showing how each of these stages is constituted, what existential stance does man take in each stage towards the outside world and towards himself and how is it possible to achieve a movement between the stages. This goal should be arrived at by giving an interpretation of the texts of Kierkegaard's first authorship, that is his writings published between 1843-1846, starting from Kierkegaard's two-volume debut Either/Or and ending with his Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments. The Thesis is primarily concerned with these writings because they take the theory of existential stages as their starting point. The exposition takes into consideration the possibilities of different existential positions inside each stage, which are thus shown not only in their constitutive conditions, but also in their inner variability, which makes possible existential movement even in the stages themselves. The thesis should thus present Kierkegaard's view of the entirety of existential possibilities, starting from the lowest level of the aesthetic existential sphere and ending with...
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Regimes of Rationality / Objectivity between Historical Epistemology and Pragmatism
Krejčová, Kateřina ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
(in English) The aim of the thesis is to introduce selected approaches to genealogy and changes of the concept of "objectivity". While historical epistemology puts this concept into a context of a particular historical period in which it was born and established itself, and therefore perceives "objectivity" as a novelty, pragmatism sees it as a relic of the discourse of Enlightenment and proposes to replace it with solidarity. Both approaches analyse difficulties of uncritical applications of this term in the history of philosophy and "avant la lettre" science and the assumption that objectivity is just a modification and another name of this concept which is a necessary condition of any knowledge. The thesis is based on texts of Lorraine Daston, Peter Galison, Richard Rorty, Thomas S. Kuhn and Perez Zagorin.
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The Meaning of the Question of Being: An Interpretation of an intrinsic Connection between Being and the No-thing in Heidegger's What is Metaphysics?
Kvapil, Ondřej ; Kouba, Pavel (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
This paper deals, building on a ground defined by Heidegger's What is Metaphysics?, with a single question: in what sense do being and the no-thing belong together? This question is being addressed at two parallel levels. Based on a detailed interpretation of key text passages that have often been examined insufficiently due to their lack of accessibility, it aims to gain a complex insight into the issue and interpret it in its many nuances of meaning. At the same time, its aim is to articulate a general philosophical significance of the intrinsic connection between being and the no-thing; to what extent it affects the innermost intention of Heidegger's fundamental ontology as such, i.e. raising the question of the meaning of being. The paper builds on a phenomenological description of the original experience of the no-thing and captures a transformation of a human being into a pure Da-sein, which he goes through during this experience. Since the experience of the no-thing according to Heidegger is identical to the basic mood of dread, this piece of work depicts it in relation to seemingly similar, but in their meaning actually opposite moods: fear and, most importantly, abysmal boredom. Subsequently, it puts forward an interpretation of the no-thing's own ontological significance and thus...
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The Vitalism of Canguilhem
Čejka, Vojtěch ; Čapek, Jakub (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
The Vitalism of Canguilhem Vojtěch Čejka Abstract: Our bachelor project entitled The vitalism of Canguilhem concerns itself with the vitalist approach to life, as it was described by Georges Canguilhem in years 1946-7. The first part of our text introduces several vitalist physicians often mentioned in Canguilhem's texts, and their reply to the mechanistic explication of life inspired by Descartes. The second part focuses on Canguilhem's opinions concerning the older vitalists. We also point out what it is that Canguilhem finds still relevant with these authors and their attitude towards life. The manifestations of Canguilhem's vitalism, which we label "critical", are illustrated by an analysis of two of his texts in the third part. His method of reversal (renversement) which is present in both of these texts and elsewhere seems crucial to us. In the closing section we apply this method to Francis Crick's Of molecules of men. Keywords: vitalism, mechanicism, life, machine, milieu, René Descartes, Paul-Joseph Barthez, Xavier Bichat.
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"Platonic motive" in Patočka's philosophy
Jíra, Petr ; Kouba, Pavel (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee) ; Cajthaml, Martin (referee)
The main purpose of the doctoral thesis is to show "platonic motive" in Patočka's philosophy as unitary movement of thought, which exists in Patočka's thought since the thiertes to the sixties of the twentieth century. The aim is motivated by general question of relationship between modern thinking and European philosophical tradition. The thesis pursues to display, that Patočka's thinking makes possible to see and overcome an alienation contemporary European man from European philosophicaly tradition. The doctoral thesis has five chapters. First four chapters interpret socratic and platonic motives in Patočka's philosophy in chronological order (Patočka's philosophy in the thierties; philosophy of the Eternity and historicity; negative platonism; care of the soul and Europe). Chapter five contains intepretation of main question of doctoral thesis, it is question of unity of "platonic motive" in Patočka's philosophy. This question proceeds in three interpretative steps. In the first interpretative step are Patočka's all socratic and platonic motives reduced to three leading thoughts, that represent "platonic motive" as such: thoughts chōrismos, transendence and care of the soul. In second interpretative step the opposition "givenness- freedom" is established as a common core of the three thoughts. The...
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Merleau-Ponty and the Modern Art as a Means of Return to the Lifeworld
Roček, Tomáš ; Švec, Ondřej (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
The thesis addresses the topic of lifeworld in the work of Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. The first part describes the context surrounding the genesis of the notion of lifeworld in Husserl. The notion came about as a reaction to the crisis of sciences as perceived by Husserl, characterized by the loss of meaning, as science can no longer answer the substantial questions of human existence. A return to the natural world is then enabled by the transcendental epoché. The second part is devoted to Merleau-Ponty for whom lifeworld does not denote the realm of original self-evidences, as in Husserl, but a space of lively communication to which we are led by modern art, especially painting. According to Merleau-Ponty, modern art evinces ambiguity that rests in its inconclusiveness and multisidedness of its potential interpretation. The aim of the thesis is to show that this ambiguity corresponds to the ambiguity in lifeworld, the latter being constituted by the opposition of the seen and the seer that are subject to unending reversibility. The structure of lifeworld corresponds to the structure of modern art as understood by Merleau-Ponty.
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Žižek's Logic of Generality and the Dialectics of Consciousness
Pašek, Adam ; Kolman, Vojtěch (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
Hegelian dialectics is normally described using the traditional scheme thesis, antithesis and synthesis. Thesis put in the first step of the scheme in negated in the second one. In the third step the negation is negated itself. However, that doesn't conclude in a return to the thesis but in its being mediated in a determinate negation. The problem how to understand the "productivity of negation" is adressed by Jean Hippolyte in his book Genesis and Structure of Hegel's Phenomenology of the Spirit. I think that he touches a genuin problem of the simple triadic interpretation of the dialectics. For that reason I present in my work a supplement to to the standard interpretation. It is constructed based on Lacan's formulae of sexuation taken in the way they are explained by Slavoj Žižek in Less than Nothing. Then it is elaborated further alongside with a reading of the two first chapters of Phenomenology of the Spirit (Sense Certainty and Perception) and applied on their dialectics. That is why I consacrate the main part of the work to the question of how the dialectical turn, by which the consciousness shifts from e.g. from sense certainty to perception, happens. The analysis of this phenomenon uses the interpretation of the formulae of sexuation elaborated in the first part. In doing this it hinges on the...
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Truthness in Terms of Gazing and Exposure
Jahoda, Lukáš ; Kouba, Pavel (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee)
The meaning of this work is an explanation of Heideggers notion of the truth from the early fundamental ontology, demonstration of its limits and the interpretation of its intensification in the concept of the truth from the texts Vom Wessen der Wahrheit and Platons lehre von der Wahrheit. The explanation of the truth of being from the fundamental ontology is primarely lead by the regard on the distinction between handy being and the being that just occurs and their respective modifications of understanding: handling and gazing. The explanation of Heideggers notion of the truth from the early thirties should refer to deeper level of research, where the basic distinction of being and understanding not yet appears. On this deeper degree finds Heidegger the notion of the truth as the exposure to the being in the openness of relating. This conception of the truth should be introduced as an avoidance of the problematic dualism in the fundamental ontology and as a deeper point of view, in which the truth is not derived from the understanding of existence, but from the ek-sistential exposure to the being, which let itself to be led by it.
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The Problem of Transcendence in Jan Patočka
Frei, Jan ; Kouba, Pavel (advisor) ; Ritter, Martin (referee) ; Cajthaml, Martin (referee)
This thesis focuses on the problem of transcendence as it appears in Patočka's most relevant papers covering all periods of his work. The problem, conceived as an act of an individual, is examined in its three structural moments - its How, Whence, and Whereto. As for the How, the thesis discerns two kinds of transcendence: a constant and unconscious one that is mostly a matter of sensual perception, and a deliberate one that consists in reflection and, in Patočka's papers from the 60s on, in practical action as well. The Whence is usually the sphere of calculability and utilitarity, or a state when man is distracted in manipulating things and identifies himself with roles that are connected with this manipulation. In all this, human mortality is in control. The Whereto, in Patočka, is symbolized as World, Universal Life, Idea, Being, Appearing and suchlike. In the experience of transcendence, the thesis discovers an active and a passive aspect that may be stressed more or less in particular descriptions. The same applies to the aspects of affirmation and negation between the act of transcendence itself and its empirical manifestations. The thesis, at last, shows three possible failures of transcendence, as indicated by Patočka. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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