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Vectors of avian trypanosomes and prevalence in Passerines
Santolíková, Anežka ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Vinkler, Michal (referee)
The aim of this bachelor thesis is to summarize the knowledge about the development of avian trypanosomes in the vector, and about their prevalence in avian hosts. Trypanosomes are dixenous parasitic protists. They live in the bloodstream of vertebrates and in invertebrate vectors. Replication of avian trypanosomes occurs mainly in the vector. Promastigote, epimastigote and metacyclic trypomastigote stages were observed in the vector already in the 1950s. In avian blood, bloodstream trypomastigotes occur. The vectors of avian trypanosomes are members of families Ceratopogonidae, Culicidae, Simuliidae, Hippoboscidae and Dermanyssidae. Although replication of trypanosomes has been seen in the vector, observations of division in birds are scarse. Results concerning prevalence of trypanosomes in birds considerably differ between different studies. This is mostly due to differences in methods used to detect trypanosomes from avian blood. Whereas detection from blood smears was used in the past, nowadays, more sensitive methods have been introduced, such as PCR or cultivation of trypanosome.
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Mosquitoes as hosts and vectors of protozoa transmitted to birds
Fialová, Magdaléna ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee)
Mosquitoes belong to significant representatives of inscet which are particularly studied due to their ability to transmit pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa, worms) in many cases causing serious illnesses. The hosts of these pathogens can be various animals including birds. In this study I have focused on protozoa (especially Plasmodium and Trypanosoma) transmitted by a mosquito. Concerning trypanosomes the mosquito is one of several possible vectors and up to now there have been named two trypanosomes transmitted by birds, namely Trypanosoma culicavium and Trypanosoma thomasbancrofti. In the case of the genus Plasmodium the mosquito is the only vector and there are many more species of the genus Plasmodium, which mosquito transmits between birds. Key words: vector, mosquito, host, bird, Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, infection
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Xenodiagnosis and its use in leishmaniases research
Vojtková, Barbora ; Volf, Petr (advisor) ; Svobodová, Milena (referee)
The aim of these theses was to summarize the knowledge about the use of xenodiagnostic methods in the past and their current potential for parasitological research. Xenodiagnosis it is a diagnostic method using bloodsucking arthropods (disease vectors) as a biologic medium suitable for detection of parasites in the blood of investigated individuals (vertebrates). It is expected that parasites grow within the midgut of the vector and then are easily detectable microscopically. The method was used for the first time in 1914 by French researcher Émile Bumpt for detection of Trypasoma cruzi, causative agent of Chargas' disease. During few decades and thanks to engagement of many scientific groups, it became one of the most efficient and effective diagnostic methods. For instance, the most suitable species of vectors, the experiment duration and the optimal numbers of vectors and/or experiments were assigned to get reliable results. Xenodiagnoses as a diagnostic method lost its importance after introduction of molecular methods, first of all after onset of polymerase chain reaction. At present, however, the xenodiagnosis is suitable for experiments studiing if the host is infectious for the vector. This method appears as a good tool for testing of new reservoir hosts and for the monitoring of the role...
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Kinetoplastida of birds and bloodsucking Diptera: molecular characterization and life cycles
Zídková, Lenka ; Svobodová, Milena (advisor) ; Fiala, Ivan (referee) ; Modrý, David (referee)
We studied biodiversity of avian trypanosomes. We used newly obtained isolates of trypanosomatids from ornitophilic bloodsucking diptera (81) and from avian hosts (145). To investigate relationships among isolates we employed RAPD method and sequence analyses of SSU rRNA, eventually gGAPDH, 5S RNA or SL RNA. Additionally we used morphological characters; cell lengths and kinetoplast widths. All isolates obtained from biting midges belonged to monogenetic kinetoplastids. We described new species and a new genus Sergeia podlipaevi isolated from Culicoides (Oecacta) festivipennis a C. (O.) truncorum. We successfully infected with this species laboratory bred biting midge of different subgenus Culicoides (Monoculicoides) nubeculosus. We described isolate from Culicoides truncorum as new species Herpetomonas trimorpha. Its sister species was H. ztiplika described previously also from biting midges. We performed the most extensive study of biodiversity of avian trypanosomes based on comparison of wide spectrum of isolates obtained from different hosts. We confirmed that avian trypanosomes are polyphyletic and form three independent lineages within the genus Trypanosoma. We identified at least 11 species of avian trypanosomes. We found that ornitophilic mosquitoes belong among important vectors of avian...
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